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Endocrinology > Pathology - Thyroid > Flashcards

Pathology - Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

hypothalamus secretes what which acts on what which secretes what which acts on what to secrete what?

A

hypothalamus secretes TRH which acts on anterior pituitary to release TSH which acts on thyroid to release T3 and T4

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2
Q

hyper or hypofunction:

(a) hashimoto’s
(b) grave’s disease

A

(a) hashimoto’s - HYPOFUNCTION

(b) grave’s disease - HYPERFUNCTION

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3
Q

what is the other name for thyrotoxicosis?

A

hyperthyroidism

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4
Q

hyperthyroidism is a result of excess what?

A

T3 and T4

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5
Q

what percentage of hyperthyroidism is due to grave’s disease?

A

85%

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6
Q

what else causes hyperthyroidism?

A

tumours - adenoma and carcinoma

rare - TSH recreating pituitary adenoma

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7
Q

graves disease affects which sex more?

A

10 female to 1 male

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8
Q

name the triad of graves disease?

A

hyperthyroidism with thyroid enlargement

eye changes - exophthalmos

pretibial myxoedema

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9
Q

hypothyroidism is due to ___ levels of T3 and T4

A

hypothyroidism is due to LOW levels of T3 and T4

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10
Q

majority of hypothyroidism cases is due to what?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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11
Q

hypothyroidism can be due to lack of what? what drug? and post what?

A

iodine deficiency

lithium drugs

post therapy

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12
Q

name the autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland and so function

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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13
Q

hashimoto’s affects who?

A

10-20F:1M

45-60 years old

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14
Q

what antibodies are seen in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

anti-thyroid antibodies

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15
Q

hashimoto’s can by preceded by transient hyper function (_______________)

A

hashimoto’s can by preceded by transient hyper function (HASHITOXICOSIS)

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16
Q

medical term for any enlargement of the thyroid gland?

A

goitre

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17
Q

name the 2 types of goitre

A

diffuse and multinodular

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18
Q

what are goitres due to a lack of?

A

lack of dietary iodine

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19
Q

goitre:

reduced __/__ causes rise in ___ which stimulateS gland ____________

A

Goitre:

reduced T3/T4 causes rise in TSH which stimulates gland ENLARGEMENT

20
Q

what type of goitre is seen in 10% of the population with females being mainly affected?

A

diffuse

21
Q

what type of goitre is evolution from a long standing simple goitre?

A

multi-nodular goitre

22
Q

do goitres have a high risk of malignancy?

A

no

23
Q

neoplasms of the thyroid can be broken into 2 - name them

A

adenomas and carcinomas

24
Q

name the adenoma and 4 carcinomas

A

follicular adenoma

carcinoma:

papillary (75-85%)
follicular (10-20%)
medullary (5%)
anaplastic (<5%)

25
Q

adenomas are usually ___________ findings but if large can cause symptoms such as __________

A

adenomas are usually INCIDENTAL findings but if large can cause symptoms such as DYSPHAGIA

26
Q

adenomas are surrounded by a cuff made of that?

A

collagen

27
Q

adenomas are ___ independent

A

adenomas are TSH independent

28
Q

in thyroid adenomas, there is a 10-75% chance of mutation in ____ signalling

A

in thyroid adenomas, there is a 10-75% chance of mutation in TSHR signalling

29
Q

is thyroid cancer common?

A

no

affect any age

female

30
Q

radiation causes what thyroid carcinoma?

A

papillary

31
Q

iodine deficiency causes what thyroid carcinoma?

A

follicular

32
Q

which type of thyroid cancer could (rarely metastasise)

A

papillary

33
Q

papillary carcinoma is often ______

A

papillary carcinoma is often CYSTIC

34
Q

which carcinoma is usually a single nodule?

A

follicular

35
Q

which carcinoma can haematological spread?

A

follicular

36
Q

which cancer is derived from C cells?

A

medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)

37
Q

what is seen deposited in MTC?

A

amyloid

38
Q

most aggressive and highest mortality thyroid carcinoma?

A

anaplastic carcinoma

39
Q

what is the parathyroid composed of?

A

chief cells

40
Q

what does the parathyroid secrete?

A

PTH

41
Q

what is related to hyperparathyroidism?

A 
bone disease
nephrolithiasis
Gi complications
CNS
CVS
42
Q

hyperparathyroidism can be ____________ or _________

A

hyperparathyroidism can be SECONDARY or TERTIARY

43
Q

hypoparathyroidism is ____

A

hypoparathyroidism is RARE

44
Q

hypoparathyroidism symptoms?

A

tetany
altered mental state
eye issues
QT prolongation

45
Q

parathyroid is supported by _______ cells

A

parathyroid is supported by OXYPHIL cells

Endocrinology (31 decks)

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