Pathology - Thyroid

Question 1

hypothalamus secretes what which acts on what which secretes what which acts on what to secrete what?

Answer 1

hypothalamus secretes TRH which acts on anterior pituitary to release TSH which acts on thyroid to release T3 and T4

Question 2

hyper or hypofunction:

(a) hashimoto’s
(b) grave’s disease

Answer 2

(a) hashimoto’s - HYPOFUNCTION

(b) grave’s disease - HYPERFUNCTION

Question 3

what is the other name for thyrotoxicosis?

Answer 3

hyperthyroidism

Question 4

hyperthyroidism is a result of excess what?

Answer 4

T3 and T4

Question 5

what percentage of hyperthyroidism is due to grave’s disease?

Answer 5

85%

Question 6

what else causes hyperthyroidism?

Answer 6

tumours - adenoma and carcinoma

rare - TSH recreating pituitary adenoma

Question 7

graves disease affects which sex more?

Answer 7

10 female to 1 male

Question 8

name the triad of graves disease?

Answer 8

hyperthyroidism with thyroid enlargement

eye changes - exophthalmos

pretibial myxoedema

Question 9

hypothyroidism is due to ___ levels of T3 and T4

Answer 9

hypothyroidism is due to LOW levels of T3 and T4

Question 10

majority of hypothyroidism cases is due to what?

Answer 10

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 11

hypothyroidism can be due to lack of what? what drug? and post what?

Answer 11

iodine deficiency

lithium drugs

post therapy

Question 12

name the autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland and so function

Answer 12

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 13

hashimoto’s affects who?

Answer 13

10-20F:1M

45-60 years old

Question 14

what antibodies are seen in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answer 14

anti-thyroid antibodies

Question 15

hashimoto’s can by preceded by transient hyper function (_______________)

Answer 15

hashimoto’s can by preceded by transient hyper function (HASHITOXICOSIS)

Question 16

medical term for any enlargement of the thyroid gland?

Answer 16

goitre

Question 17

name the 2 types of goitre

Answer 17

diffuse and multinodular

Question 18

what are goitres due to a lack of?

Answer 18

lack of dietary iodine

Question 19

goitre:

reduced __/__ causes rise in ___ which stimulateS gland ____________

Answer 19

Goitre:

reduced T3/T4 causes rise in TSH which stimulates gland ENLARGEMENT

Question 20

what type of goitre is seen in 10% of the population with females being mainly affected?

Answer 20

diffuse

Question 21

what type of goitre is evolution from a long standing simple goitre?

Answer 21

multi-nodular goitre

Question 22

do goitres have a high risk of malignancy?

Answer 22

no

Question 23

neoplasms of the thyroid can be broken into 2 - name them

Answer 23

adenomas and carcinomas

Question 24

name the adenoma and 4 carcinomas

Answer 24

follicular adenoma

carcinoma:

papillary (75-85%)
follicular (10-20%)
medullary (5%)
anaplastic (<5%)

Question 25

adenomas are usually ___________ findings but if large can cause symptoms such as __________

Answer 25

adenomas are usually INCIDENTAL findings but if large can cause symptoms such as DYSPHAGIA

Question 26

adenomas are surrounded by a cuff made of that?

Answer 26

collagen

Question 27

adenomas are ___ independent

Answer 27

adenomas are TSH independent

Question 28

in thyroid adenomas, there is a 10-75% chance of mutation in ____ signalling

Answer 28

in thyroid adenomas, there is a 10-75% chance of mutation in TSHR signalling

Question 29

is thyroid cancer common?

Answer 29

no affect any age female

Question 30

radiation causes what thyroid carcinoma?

Answer 30

papillary

Question 31

iodine deficiency causes what thyroid carcinoma?

Answer 31

follicular

Question 32

which type of thyroid cancer could (rarely metastasise)

Answer 32

papillary

Question 33

papillary carcinoma is often ______

Answer 33

papillary carcinoma is often CYSTIC

Question 34

which carcinoma is usually a single nodule?

Answer 34

follicular

Question 35

which carcinoma can haematological spread?

Answer 35

follicular

Question 36

which cancer is derived from C cells?

Answer 36

medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)

Question 37

what is seen deposited in MTC?

Answer 37

amyloid

Question 38

most aggressive and highest mortality thyroid carcinoma?

Answer 38

anaplastic carcinoma

Question 39

what is the parathyroid composed of?

Answer 39

chief cells

Question 40

what does the parathyroid secrete?

Answer 40

PTH

Question 41

what is related to hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 41

``` bone disease nephrolithiasis Gi complications CNS CVS ```

Question 42

hyperparathyroidism can be ____________ or _________

Answer 42

hyperparathyroidism can be SECONDARY or TERTIARY

Question 43

hypoparathyroidism is ____

Answer 43

hypoparathyroidism is RARE

Question 44

hypoparathyroidism symptoms?

Answer 44

tetany altered mental state eye issues QT prolongation

Question 45

parathyroid is supported by _______ cells

Answer 45

parathyroid is supported by OXYPHIL cells