Pathology - Thyroid Flashcards
hypothalamus secretes what which acts on what which secretes what which acts on what to secrete what?
hypothalamus secretes TRH which acts on anterior pituitary to release TSH which acts on thyroid to release T3 and T4
hyper or hypofunction:
(a) hashimoto’s
(b) grave’s disease
(a) hashimoto’s - HYPOFUNCTION
(b) grave’s disease - HYPERFUNCTION
what is the other name for thyrotoxicosis?
hyperthyroidism
hyperthyroidism is a result of excess what?
T3 and T4
what percentage of hyperthyroidism is due to grave’s disease?
85%
what else causes hyperthyroidism?
tumours - adenoma and carcinoma
rare - TSH recreating pituitary adenoma
graves disease affects which sex more?
10 female to 1 male
name the triad of graves disease?
hyperthyroidism with thyroid enlargement
eye changes - exophthalmos
pretibial myxoedema
hypothyroidism is due to ___ levels of T3 and T4
hypothyroidism is due to LOW levels of T3 and T4
majority of hypothyroidism cases is due to what?
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
hypothyroidism can be due to lack of what? what drug? and post what?
iodine deficiency
lithium drugs
post therapy
name the autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland and so function
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
hashimoto’s affects who?
10-20F:1M
45-60 years old
what antibodies are seen in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
anti-thyroid antibodies
hashimoto’s can by preceded by transient hyper function (_______________)
hashimoto’s can by preceded by transient hyper function (HASHITOXICOSIS)
medical term for any enlargement of the thyroid gland?
goitre
name the 2 types of goitre
diffuse and multinodular
what are goitres due to a lack of?
lack of dietary iodine
goitre:
reduced __/__ causes rise in ___ which stimulateS gland ____________
Goitre:
reduced T3/T4 causes rise in TSH which stimulates gland ENLARGEMENT
what type of goitre is seen in 10% of the population with females being mainly affected?
diffuse
what type of goitre is evolution from a long standing simple goitre?
multi-nodular goitre
do goitres have a high risk of malignancy?
no
neoplasms of the thyroid can be broken into 2 - name them
adenomas and carcinomas
name the adenoma and 4 carcinomas
follicular adenoma
carcinoma:
papillary (75-85%)
follicular (10-20%)
medullary (5%)
anaplastic (<5%)
adenomas are usually ___________ findings but if large can cause symptoms such as __________
adenomas are usually INCIDENTAL findings but if large can cause symptoms such as DYSPHAGIA
adenomas are surrounded by a cuff made of that?
collagen
adenomas are ___ independent
adenomas are TSH independent
in thyroid adenomas, there is a 10-75% chance of mutation in ____ signalling
in thyroid adenomas, there is a 10-75% chance of mutation in TSHR signalling
is thyroid cancer common?
no
affect any age
female
radiation causes what thyroid carcinoma?
papillary
iodine deficiency causes what thyroid carcinoma?
follicular
which type of thyroid cancer could (rarely metastasise)
papillary
papillary carcinoma is often ______
papillary carcinoma is often CYSTIC
which carcinoma is usually a single nodule?
follicular
which carcinoma can haematological spread?
follicular
which cancer is derived from C cells?
medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)
what is seen deposited in MTC?
amyloid
most aggressive and highest mortality thyroid carcinoma?
anaplastic carcinoma
what is the parathyroid composed of?
chief cells
what does the parathyroid secrete?
PTH
what is related to hyperparathyroidism?
bone disease nephrolithiasis Gi complications CNS CVS
hyperparathyroidism can be ____________ or _________
hyperparathyroidism can be SECONDARY or TERTIARY
hypoparathyroidism is ____
hypoparathyroidism is RARE
hypoparathyroidism symptoms?
tetany
altered mental state
eye issues
QT prolongation
parathyroid is supported by _______ cells
parathyroid is supported by OXYPHIL cells
