Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrinology > T2DM Drugs > Flashcards

T2DM Drugs Flashcards

Pharmacology

1
Q

Name the 4 actions of T2DM drugs.

A
  1. increase insulin secretion
  2. decrease insulin resistance and reduce hepatic glucose output
  3. slow glucose absorption in GI tract
  4. enhance glucose excretion by kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

name the 4 classes of drug that increase insulin secretion.

A

sulfonylureas
glinides (meglitinides)
incretic analogues
DPP-4 inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

name the 2 classes of drug that decrease insulin resistance and hepatic glucose output

A

biguanides and thiazolidinediones (glitazones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name the class of drug that slows glucose absorption from the GI tract

A

alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name the class of drug that enhances glucose excretion by the kidney

A

sodium glucose type-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and sodium glucose type-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors insulin dependent?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SUR1 subunits regulate __________ channel activity

A

SUR1 subunits regulate POTASSIUM channel activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

___ binding to each of the Kir6.2 subunits closes the channel causing ______________ of the ____ cell and _______ release

A

ATP binding to each of the Kir6.2 subunits closes the channel causing DEPOLARIZATION of the BETA cell and INSULIN release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ADP-Mg2+ binding to the SUR1 subunits ______ the channel maintaining the resting potential of the ____ cell and _________ insulin secretion

A

ADP-Mg2+ binding to the SUR1 subunits OPENS the channel maintaining the resting potential of the BETA cell and INHIBITS insulin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sulfonylureas used in T2DM bind to SUR1 and _____ the channel causing _____________ and insulin release independent of plasma ________ concentration

A

sulfonylureas used in T2DM bind to SUR1 and CLOSE the channel causing DEPOLARIZATION and insulin release independent of plasma GLUCOSE concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do sulfonylurea drugs end in?

A

-ide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

give an example of a sulfonylurea

A

glipizide

gliclazide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SUs, in the long term, reduce what complications?

A

microvascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SUs are used first line if the patient is intolerant to what?

A

metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

SUs are often used in combination with what?

A

metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SUs adverse effect?

A

weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

SUs should be avoided in who?

A

elderly, pregnancy and CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do glinides (meglitinides) end in?

A

-glinide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

give an example of a glinide

A

repaglinide and netaglinide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

glinides should not be used in who?

A

severe hepatic impairment, pregnancy and breast feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ingestion of food stimulates release of what?

A

glucagon peptide like-1 (GLP-1) and GIP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GLP-1 and GIP enhance _______ release from beta cells and ________ uptake whereas GLP-1 decreases _________ release from alpha cells

both resulting in decreased blood glucose

A

GLP-1 and GIP enhance _______ release from beta cells and ________ uptake whereas GLP-1 decreases _________ release from alpha cells

both resulting in decreased blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the other name for DPP-4 inhibitors

A

gliptins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do DPP-4s end in?

A

-gliptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

give an example of a DPP-4 inhibitor

A

sitagliptin

26
Q

what does DPP-4 stand for?

A

dipeptidyl peptidase-4

27
Q

DPP-4s are usually prescribed in combination with what?

A

metformin or SU

28
Q

what is the main adverse effect of a gliptin?

A

DPP-4 inhibitor adverse effect = NAUSEA

29
Q

is there hypoglycaemia or weight gain in gliptins?

A

no

30
Q

can SUs cause hypoglycaemia?

A

no

31
Q

can glinides cause hypoglycaemia?

A

no

32
Q

incretin analogues are peptides that mimic the action of what?

A

GLP-1

33
Q

what do incretin analogues end in?

A

-tide

34
Q

how are incretin analogues administered?

A

SC injection

35
Q

name an incretin analogue

A

extenatide
extenatide
liraglutide

36
Q

what can incretin analogues cause loss of?

A

weight loss

37
Q

do incretin analogues cause hypoglycaemia?

A

no

38
Q

2 side effects of incretin analogues?

A

nausea

pancreatitis - rare

39
Q

name the infrequently used in the UK, brush border enzyme inhibitor that breaks down starch and disaccharides to absorbable glucose

A

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

40
Q

name an example of a alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

A

acarbose
miglitol
voglibose

41
Q

alpha-glucosidase inhibitor adverse effects?

A 
flactulence
loose stools
diarrhoea
abdominal pain
bloating
42
Q

do alpha-glucosidase inhibitors pose risk of hypoglycaemia?

A

no

43
Q

name the first line agent in the treatment of T2DM

A

metformin

unless SEVERE hepatic/renal impairment

44
Q

what does metformin reduce and increase?

A

reduce:

hepatic gluconeogenesis
carbohydrate absorption

increase:

glucose uptake by muscle
fatty acid oxidation

45
Q

metformin is what class of drug?

A

biguanide

46
Q

does metformin cause hypoglycaemia?

A

no

47
Q

does metformin cause weight gain?

A

no - weight loss

48
Q

name the 2 adverse effects of metformin

A

GI upset

lactic acidosis - rare

49
Q

thiazolidinediones are also known as what?

A

TZDs and glitazones

50
Q

do thiazolidinediones cause hypoglycaemia?

A

no

51
Q

do thiazolidinediones cause weight gain?

A

yes

52
Q

what do thiazolidinediones end in?

A

-glitazone

53
Q

name a thiazolidinedione drug

A

pioglitazone

54
Q

thiazolidinedione adverse effects?

A

weight gain
increased bone fracture risk
fluid retention

55
Q

name the new drug class that is not dependent on insulin

A

sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitors

56
Q

what do SGLT2 inhibitors end in?

A

-agliflozin

57
Q

give an example of a SGLT2 inhibitor

A

empagliflozin
canagliflozin
dapagliflozin

58
Q

do SGLT2 inhibitors cause hypoglycaemia?

A

no

59
Q

do SGLT2 inhibitors cause weight gain?

A

no - weight loss

60
Q

name the drug that can cause hypoglycaemia

A

SUs - glipizide

glinides can also cause but not as much as SUs

Endocrinology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions