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Internal Medicine > Week 9- The Endocrine and Metabolic Systems 3 *didn't finish > Flashcards

Week 9- The Endocrine and Metabolic Systems 3 *didn't finish Flashcards

1
Q

Type 2 diabetes can…

A

-Promote excess sugar release from the liver
-Render the pancreas incapable of producing sufficient insulin
-Dampen the effects of insulin on muscle and fat

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2
Q

Normally after the intake of food, the stomach transforms food into ________, which then enters the bloodstream

A

Glucose

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3
Q

Rising blood glucose levels signal _________ in the __________ to release insulin

A

-Beta cells
-Pancreas

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4
Q

True or false: The insulin transports glucose into the cell and sets up a cascade of events that eventually results in a decline in blood glucose concentration and restoration of homeostasis.

A

True

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5
Q

Cascade of events that occurs after insulin transports glucose into the cell

A

-Increased rate of glucose utilization and adenosine triphosphate [ATP] generation
-Conversion of glucose to glycogen, increase in protein and fat synthesis

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6
Q

When the blood glucose levels drop (ex: hypoglycemic state or when fasting), __________ in the pancreas produce _________, which increases the blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver and other cells tor release glucose

A

-Alpha cells
-Glucagon

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7
Q

True or false: After the production of glucagon, the blood glucose concentration rises, restoring the prober balance and returning the body to the state of homeostasis

A

True

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8
Q

The restoration of the proper balance and the body returning to a state of homeostasis can be disrupted by __________ or _________, resulting in decreased plasma insulin and ultimately hyperglycemia

A

-Beta cell dysfunction
-Insulin resistance

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9
Q

Insulin resistance means that…

A

Glucose does not go into the cell

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10
Q

__________ is a key that unlocks the glucose channel

A

Insulin

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11
Q

___________ contributes to high glucose levels in the blood

A

Insulin resistance

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12
Q

True or false: When a true deficiency of insulin exists (T1D and late T2D), the metabolic problems exist

A

True

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13
Q

Mechanisms of metabolic problems

A

-Decreased utilization of glucose
-Increased fat mobilization
-Impaired protein utilization

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14
Q

Glucosuria (sugar in the urine) and polydipsia (extremely thirsty)

A

Decreased utilization of glucose

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15
Q

Produce ketones –> ketonuria and ketoacidosis

A

Increased fat mobilization

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16
Q

Hamper the inflammatory process and diminish the tissue’s ability to repair

A

Impaired protein utilization

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17
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A

-Always thirsty
-Weight loss
-Fatigue
-Numbness of the limbs
-Blurred vision
-Frequent urination
-Vaginal infections
-Always hungry
-Wounds do not heal

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18
Q

Clinical manifestation of types 1 AND 2 diabetes

A

-Polyuria (excessive urination)
-Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
-Recurrent blurred vision
-Weakness, fatigue, and dizziness

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19
Q

Clinical manifestations of only type 1 diabetes

A

-Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
-Weight loss
-Ketonuria

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20
Q

Clinical manifestations of only type 2 diabetes

A

-Often asymptomatic

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21
Q

True or false: If you ignore prediabetes, your risk for type 1 diabetes goes up

A

False

(type 2)

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22
Q

Health risks of type 2 diabetes

A

-Blindness
-Kidney failure
-Heart disease
-Stroke
-Loss of toes, feet, or legs

23
Q

Affecting arteries that supply the heart, brain, and lower extremities

A

Macrovascular

24
Q

Retina, renal glomerulus, and peripheral nerve

A

Microvascular

25
Q

Clinical manifestations of diabetes

A

-Atherosclerosis
-Cardiovascular complications
-Retinopathy and nephropathy
-Infection
-Musculoskeletal problems
-Sensory, motor, and autonomic neuropathy
-Pressure injury (ulceration)
-Cognitive function
-Balance and vertigo

26
Q

Clinical signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

-Pallor
-Perspiration
-Piloerection (erection of the hair)
-Increased heart rate (tachycardia)
-Heart palpitatin
-Nervousness and irritability
-Weakness
-Shakiness/trembling
-Hunger
-Headache
-Blurred vision
-Thickened speech
-Numbness of the lips and tongue
-Confusion
-Emotional lability
-Convulsion
-Coma

27
Q

SLIDE 15

A
28
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis is most commonly seen in ____

A

T1D

29
Q

An insufficient or absent level of circulating insulin

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

30
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by the triad of…

A

-Hyperglycemia
-Acidosis
-Ketosis

31
Q

SLIDE 17

A
32
Q

Ways to prevent/delay type 2 diabetes

A

-Eat healthy
-Be more active
-Lose weight

33
Q

____ diagnosis is often delayed for several years

A

T2D

34
Q

____________ develops gradually in TD2

A

Hyperglycemia

35
Q

True or false: During the early stages of TD2, the classic symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia are prominent

A

False

(not prominent)

36
Q

_____ is commonly diagnosed while the client is hospitalized or receiving medical care for another problem

A

TD2

37
Q

True or false: Frequently, an individual diagnosed with T2D presents with one of the long-term complications of DM such as CVD, neuropathy, retinopathy, or nephropathy

A

True

38
Q

True or false: There is a widely available cure for diabetes

A

False

(nope lol)

39
Q

The goal of overall care for diabetes is to…

A

-Mange blood glucose
-Reduce the risk of vascular complications

40
Q

Components of controlling the ABCs

A

A1C (less than 7%)
Blood pressure (less than 130/80 mm Hg)
Cholesterol (LDL < 100 mg/dL, HDL > 50 mg/dL, and triglycerides < 150 mg/dL)

41
Q

SMBG

A

Self-monitoring of blood glucose

42
Q

CGM

A

Track glucose levels in real time

43
Q

SLIDE 28-29

slide 29: just know types

A
44
Q

Glycemic recommendations for non-pregnant adults with diabetes

A

-A1C: <7%
-Prepandial capillary plasma glucose: 80-130 mg/dL
-Peak postprandial capillary plasma glucose: <180 mg/dL

45
Q

Insulin delivery system

A

Insulin pump

46
Q

Closed-loop system for T1D

A

Artificial pancreas

47
Q

SLIDE 34

A
48
Q

Three important things to manage diabetes…

A

-Medications
-Stay active
-Eat healthy

49
Q

Multidisciplinary team for diabetes care

A

-Primary Care Provider (PCP)
-Endocrinologist
-Ophthalmologist or Optometrist
Podiatrist (DPM)
-Pharmacist (PharmD)
-Dentist (DMD or DDS)
-Registered Nurse/Nurse Navigator (RN)
-Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RD/RDN)
-Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist (CDCES)
-Mental Health Professional
-Fitness Professional

50
Q

True or false: Diabetes can be fatal even with medical treatment, or it can cause major permanent disabilities and seriously impair functional abilities

A

True

51
Q

T2D raises a person’s risk of dying from heart disease by ____ times

A

2-3

52
Q

About ____% of myocardial infarctions and ____% of strokes are attributable to diabetes

A

50%
75%

53
Q

Diabetes is the leading cause of new ___________ and is a contributory cause to _______ and __________ disease

A

-Blindness
-Renal failure
-Peripheral vascular disease

Internal Medicine (25 decks)

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