Week 9- The Endocrine and Metabolic Systems 3 *didn't finish Flashcards
Type 2 diabetes can…
-Promote excess sugar release from the liver
-Render the pancreas incapable of producing sufficient insulin
-Dampen the effects of insulin on muscle and fat
Normally after the intake of food, the stomach transforms food into ________, which then enters the bloodstream
Glucose
Rising blood glucose levels signal _________ in the __________ to release insulin
-Beta cells
-Pancreas
True or false: The insulin transports glucose into the cell and sets up a cascade of events that eventually results in a decline in blood glucose concentration and restoration of homeostasis.
True
Cascade of events that occurs after insulin transports glucose into the cell
-Increased rate of glucose utilization and adenosine triphosphate [ATP] generation
-Conversion of glucose to glycogen, increase in protein and fat synthesis
When the blood glucose levels drop (ex: hypoglycemic state or when fasting), __________ in the pancreas produce _________, which increases the blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver and other cells tor release glucose
-Alpha cells
-Glucagon
True or false: After the production of glucagon, the blood glucose concentration rises, restoring the prober balance and returning the body to the state of homeostasis
True
The restoration of the proper balance and the body returning to a state of homeostasis can be disrupted by __________ or _________, resulting in decreased plasma insulin and ultimately hyperglycemia
-Beta cell dysfunction
-Insulin resistance
Insulin resistance means that…
Glucose does not go into the cell
__________ is a key that unlocks the glucose channel
Insulin
___________ contributes to high glucose levels in the blood
Insulin resistance
True or false: When a true deficiency of insulin exists (T1D and late T2D), the metabolic problems exist
True
Mechanisms of metabolic problems
-Decreased utilization of glucose
-Increased fat mobilization
-Impaired protein utilization
Glucosuria (sugar in the urine) and polydipsia (extremely thirsty)
Decreased utilization of glucose
Produce ketones –> ketonuria and ketoacidosis
Increased fat mobilization
Hamper the inflammatory process and diminish the tissue’s ability to repair
Impaired protein utilization
Symptoms of diabetes
-Always thirsty
-Weight loss
-Fatigue
-Numbness of the limbs
-Blurred vision
-Frequent urination
-Vaginal infections
-Always hungry
-Wounds do not heal
Clinical manifestation of types 1 AND 2 diabetes
-Polyuria (excessive urination)
-Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
-Recurrent blurred vision
-Weakness, fatigue, and dizziness
Clinical manifestations of only type 1 diabetes
-Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
-Weight loss
-Ketonuria
Clinical manifestations of only type 2 diabetes
-Often asymptomatic
True or false: If you ignore prediabetes, your risk for type 1 diabetes goes up
False
(type 2)
Health risks of type 2 diabetes
-Blindness
-Kidney failure
-Heart disease
-Stroke
-Loss of toes, feet, or legs
Affecting arteries that supply the heart, brain, and lower extremities
Macrovascular
Retina, renal glomerulus, and peripheral nerve
Microvascular
Clinical manifestations of diabetes
-Atherosclerosis
-Cardiovascular complications
-Retinopathy and nephropathy
-Infection
-Musculoskeletal problems
-Sensory, motor, and autonomic neuropathy
-Pressure injury (ulceration)
-Cognitive function
-Balance and vertigo
Clinical signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
-Pallor
-Perspiration
-Piloerection (erection of the hair)
-Increased heart rate (tachycardia)
-Heart palpitatin
-Nervousness and irritability
-Weakness
-Shakiness/trembling
-Hunger
-Headache
-Blurred vision
-Thickened speech
-Numbness of the lips and tongue
-Confusion
-Emotional lability
-Convulsion
-Coma
SLIDE 15
Diabetic ketoacidosis is most commonly seen in ____
T1D
An insufficient or absent level of circulating insulin
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by the triad of…
-Hyperglycemia
-Acidosis
-Ketosis
SLIDE 17
Ways to prevent/delay type 2 diabetes
-Eat healthy
-Be more active
-Lose weight
____ diagnosis is often delayed for several years
T2D
____________ develops gradually in TD2
Hyperglycemia
True or false: During the early stages of TD2, the classic symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia are prominent
False
(not prominent)
_____ is commonly diagnosed while the client is hospitalized or receiving medical care for another problem
TD2
True or false: Frequently, an individual diagnosed with T2D presents with one of the long-term complications of DM such as CVD, neuropathy, retinopathy, or nephropathy
True
True or false: There is a widely available cure for diabetes
False
(nope lol)
The goal of overall care for diabetes is to…
-Mange blood glucose
-Reduce the risk of vascular complications
Components of controlling the ABCs
A1C (less than 7%)
Blood pressure (less than 130/80 mm Hg)
Cholesterol (LDL < 100 mg/dL, HDL > 50 mg/dL, and triglycerides < 150 mg/dL)
SMBG
Self-monitoring of blood glucose
CGM
Track glucose levels in real time
SLIDE 28-29
slide 29: just know types
Glycemic recommendations for non-pregnant adults with diabetes
-A1C: <7%
-Prepandial capillary plasma glucose: 80-130 mg/dL
-Peak postprandial capillary plasma glucose: <180 mg/dL
Insulin delivery system
Insulin pump
Closed-loop system for T1D
Artificial pancreas
SLIDE 34
Three important things to manage diabetes…
-Medications
-Stay active
-Eat healthy
Multidisciplinary team for diabetes care
-Primary Care Provider (PCP)
-Endocrinologist
-Ophthalmologist or Optometrist
Podiatrist (DPM)
-Pharmacist (PharmD)
-Dentist (DMD or DDS)
-Registered Nurse/Nurse Navigator (RN)
-Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RD/RDN)
-Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist (CDCES)
-Mental Health Professional
-Fitness Professional
True or false: Diabetes can be fatal even with medical treatment, or it can cause major permanent disabilities and seriously impair functional abilities
True
T2D raises a person’s risk of dying from heart disease by ____ times
2-3
About ____% of myocardial infarctions and ____% of strokes are attributable to diabetes
50%
75%
Diabetes is the leading cause of new ___________ and is a contributory cause to _______ and __________ disease
-Blindness
-Renal failure
-Peripheral vascular disease
