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Internal Medicine > Week 13- Hematologic System *didn't finish > Flashcards

Week 13- Hematologic System *didn't finish Flashcards

1
Q

The branch of science that studies the form, structure, and function of blood and blood-forming tissues

A

Hematology

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2
Q

The hematologic system is integrated with the ___________ and ___________ systems

A

-Lymphatic
-Immune

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3
Q

Function of hematology

A

Delivery of these formed elements throughout the body tissues is necessary for cellular metabolism, defense against injury and invading microorganisms, and acid–base balance

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4
Q

True or false: Lymph nodes are only part of the lymphatic system

A

False

(hematopoietic and lymphoid systems)

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5
Q

True or false: Disruption of the hematologic system results in circulatory disorders as well as signs and symptoms noted in the hematologic tissues themselves

A

True

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6
Q

The accumulation of excessive fluid within the interstitial tissues or within body cavities

A

Edema

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7
Q

A localized region of necrosis caused by reduction of arterial perfusion below a level required for cell viability

A

Infarction

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8
Q

A solid mass of clotted blood within an intact blood vessel or chamber of the heart

A

Thrombus

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9
Q

A mass of solid, liquid, or gas that moves within a blood vessel to lodge at a site distant from its place of origin

A

Embolus

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10
Q

Lymphedema, or chronic swelling of an area from accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema), occurs in ______________ disorders

A

Hematolymphatic

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11
Q

Occur from trauma of various types and are normal consequences of injury

A

Bleeding and bruising

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12
Q

Occurs when the circulatory system (heart as well as arteries) is unable to maintain adequate pressure in order to perfuse organs

A

Shock

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13
Q

Common clinical signs of shock

A

-Tachycardia
-Tachypnea
-Cool extremities
-Decreased pulses
-Decreased urine output
-Altered mental status

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14
Q

Lymph nodes are typically “_________” in feel, unattached to surrounding tissue (mobile), and small (usually less than 1cm)

A

Rubbery

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15
Q

Enlargement of the spleen and is present in many hematologic diseases

A

Splenomegaly

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16
Q

Although blood composition changes little with age, the percentage of the marrow space occupied by hematopoietic (blood-forming) tissue ____________ progressively

A

Declines

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17
Q

Disorders of erythrocytes

A

Anemias

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18
Q

Disorders of hemostasis

A

-Von Willebrand Disease (VWD)
-Hemophilia
-Thrombocytopenia

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19
Q

A pathologic state or a symptom of many other diseases resulting in a reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood from an abnormality in the quantity or quality of RBCs

A

Anemias

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20
Q

The underlying pathogenesis of anemias can be _________ and depends on the condition causing the anemia

A

Multifactorial

21
Q

A number of physiologic compensatory responses to anemia occur, depending on the…

A

-Rapidity of onset
-Duration of anemia
-Condition of the individual

22
Q

Anemia is classified into three main pathophysiologic states and results from either:

A

-Excessive blood loss
-Increased destruction of erythrocytes
-Decreased production of erythrocytes

23
Q

Examples of excessive blood loss in PT clinics

A

-Slow and chronic GI blood loss from medication (aspirin or NSAIDs)
-GI disorder (e.g., peptic and duodenal ulcers, GI cancers, hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, and colon polyps)

24
Q

Occur as a result of congenital or acquired disorders caused by congenital RBC membrane abnormalities, lack of necessary enzymes needed for normal metabolism, autoimmune processes, or infection

A

Increased destruction of erythrocytes

25
Q

A hormone produced in the kidney that stimulates production and maturation of RBCs

A

Erythropoietin

26
Q

Nutritional deficiency

A

Iron, vitamin B12, folate

27
Q

Most dialysis clients respond to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents

A

Chronic kidney disease

28
Q

Disease production of erythrocytes

A

-A lack of erythropoietin
-A hormone produced in the kidney that stimulates production and maturation of RBCs
-An inability of the bone marrow to respond to erythropoietin and make RBCs
-Nutritional deficiency
-Anemia of chronic disease (ACD), also known as anemia of inflammation
-Chronic kidney disease
-Bone marrow disorders
-Radiation-induced bone marrow failure

29
Q

Signs and symptoms associated with anemia are related to the…

A

-Severity of anemia
-Amount of time over which the erythrocytes were lost

30
Q

Mild clinical manifestations

A

Minimal and usually vague symptoms (e.g., fatigue)

31
Q

Moderate clinical manifestations

A

Inability of anemic blood to supply the body tissues with enough oxygen may include weakness, dyspnea on exertion, easy fatigue, pallor, tachycardia, increased angina in people with preexisting heart disease, and, occasionally, koilonychia (spoon nails)

32
Q

SLIDE 18-21

A
33
Q

Treatment of anemia is directed toward…

A

-Alleviating or controlling the causes
-Relieving the symptoms
-Preventing complications

34
Q

True or false: The prognosis for anemia depends on the etiologic factors and potential treatment for the underlying cause

A

True

35
Q

SLIDE 23

A
36
Q

The arrest of bleeding after blood vessel injury and involves the interaction among the blood vessel wall, the platelets, and the plasma coagulation proteins

A

Hemostasis

37
Q

Hemostasis can be split into…

A

Primary and secondary hemostasis

38
Q

Involves the formation of a platelet plug at the site of vascular injury

A

Primary hemostasis

39
Q

SLIDE 26-27

A
40
Q

Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in platelet blood count below ________/µL of blood

A

150,000

41
Q

Caused by inadequate platelet production from the bone marrow, increased platelet destruction outside the bone marrow, or splenic sequestration

A

Thrombocytopenia

42
Q

Common causes of thrombocytopenia

A

Medications and/or supplements

43
Q

Main symptom of thrombocytopenia

A

Mucosal bleeding

44
Q

Secondary hemostasis is triggered when vascular damage exposes _____________

A

Tissue factor

45
Q

Normal secondary hemostasis necessitates the presence of ____________

A

Clotting factors

46
Q

Defects in secondary hemostasis result from clotting factor deficiencies or dysfunction, such as those seen in _____________

A

Hemophilias A and B

47
Q

Persons with abnormalities in secondary hemostasis tend to have more serious __________, such as deep muscle hematomas and spontaneous hemarthrosis

A

Bleeding

48
Q

SLIDE 31-32

A

Internal Medicine (25 decks)

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