Week 13- Hematologic System *didn't finish Flashcards
The branch of science that studies the form, structure, and function of blood and blood-forming tissues
Hematology
The hematologic system is integrated with the ___________ and ___________ systems
-Lymphatic
-Immune
Function of hematology
Delivery of these formed elements throughout the body tissues is necessary for cellular metabolism, defense against injury and invading microorganisms, and acid–base balance
True or false: Lymph nodes are only part of the lymphatic system
False
(hematopoietic and lymphoid systems)
True or false: Disruption of the hematologic system results in circulatory disorders as well as signs and symptoms noted in the hematologic tissues themselves
True
The accumulation of excessive fluid within the interstitial tissues or within body cavities
Edema
A localized region of necrosis caused by reduction of arterial perfusion below a level required for cell viability
Infarction
A solid mass of clotted blood within an intact blood vessel or chamber of the heart
Thrombus
A mass of solid, liquid, or gas that moves within a blood vessel to lodge at a site distant from its place of origin
Embolus
Lymphedema, or chronic swelling of an area from accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema), occurs in ______________ disorders
Hematolymphatic
Occur from trauma of various types and are normal consequences of injury
Bleeding and bruising
Occurs when the circulatory system (heart as well as arteries) is unable to maintain adequate pressure in order to perfuse organs
Shock
Common clinical signs of shock
-Tachycardia
-Tachypnea
-Cool extremities
-Decreased pulses
-Decreased urine output
-Altered mental status
Lymph nodes are typically “_________” in feel, unattached to surrounding tissue (mobile), and small (usually less than 1cm)
Rubbery
Enlargement of the spleen and is present in many hematologic diseases
Splenomegaly
Although blood composition changes little with age, the percentage of the marrow space occupied by hematopoietic (blood-forming) tissue ____________ progressively
Declines
Disorders of erythrocytes
Anemias
Disorders of hemostasis
-Von Willebrand Disease (VWD)
-Hemophilia
-Thrombocytopenia
A pathologic state or a symptom of many other diseases resulting in a reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood from an abnormality in the quantity or quality of RBCs
Anemias
The underlying pathogenesis of anemias can be _________ and depends on the condition causing the anemia
Multifactorial
A number of physiologic compensatory responses to anemia occur, depending on the…
-Rapidity of onset
-Duration of anemia
-Condition of the individual
Anemia is classified into three main pathophysiologic states and results from either:
-Excessive blood loss
-Increased destruction of erythrocytes
-Decreased production of erythrocytes
Examples of excessive blood loss in PT clinics
-Slow and chronic GI blood loss from medication (aspirin or NSAIDs)
-GI disorder (e.g., peptic and duodenal ulcers, GI cancers, hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, and colon polyps)
Occur as a result of congenital or acquired disorders caused by congenital RBC membrane abnormalities, lack of necessary enzymes needed for normal metabolism, autoimmune processes, or infection
Increased destruction of erythrocytes
A hormone produced in the kidney that stimulates production and maturation of RBCs
Erythropoietin
Nutritional deficiency
Iron, vitamin B12, folate
Most dialysis clients respond to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
Chronic kidney disease
Disease production of erythrocytes
-A lack of erythropoietin
-A hormone produced in the kidney that stimulates production and maturation of RBCs
-An inability of the bone marrow to respond to erythropoietin and make RBCs
-Nutritional deficiency
-Anemia of chronic disease (ACD), also known as anemia of inflammation
-Chronic kidney disease
-Bone marrow disorders
-Radiation-induced bone marrow failure
Signs and symptoms associated with anemia are related to the…
-Severity of anemia
-Amount of time over which the erythrocytes were lost
Mild clinical manifestations
Minimal and usually vague symptoms (e.g., fatigue)
Moderate clinical manifestations
Inability of anemic blood to supply the body tissues with enough oxygen may include weakness, dyspnea on exertion, easy fatigue, pallor, tachycardia, increased angina in people with preexisting heart disease, and, occasionally, koilonychia (spoon nails)
SLIDE 18-21
Treatment of anemia is directed toward…
-Alleviating or controlling the causes
-Relieving the symptoms
-Preventing complications
True or false: The prognosis for anemia depends on the etiologic factors and potential treatment for the underlying cause
True
SLIDE 23
The arrest of bleeding after blood vessel injury and involves the interaction among the blood vessel wall, the platelets, and the plasma coagulation proteins
Hemostasis
Hemostasis can be split into…
Primary and secondary hemostasis
Involves the formation of a platelet plug at the site of vascular injury
Primary hemostasis
SLIDE 26-27
Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in platelet blood count below ________/µL of blood
150,000
Caused by inadequate platelet production from the bone marrow, increased platelet destruction outside the bone marrow, or splenic sequestration
Thrombocytopenia
Common causes of thrombocytopenia
Medications and/or supplements
Main symptom of thrombocytopenia
Mucosal bleeding
Secondary hemostasis is triggered when vascular damage exposes _____________
Tissue factor
Normal secondary hemostasis necessitates the presence of ____________
Clotting factors
Defects in secondary hemostasis result from clotting factor deficiencies or dysfunction, such as those seen in _____________
Hemophilias A and B
Persons with abnormalities in secondary hemostasis tend to have more serious __________, such as deep muscle hematomas and spontaneous hemarthrosis
Bleeding
SLIDE 31-32
