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Internal Medicine > Week 7- Infectious Disease 1 > Flashcards

Week 7- Infectious Disease 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents

A

Microbiology

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3
Q

True or false: We are continually exposed to vast array of microorganisms

A

True

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4
Q

True or false: Natural systems are not weakened or altered by ecologic stresses

A

False

(they are weakened)

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5
Q

___________ organisms spread quickly without adequate precautions

A

Resistant

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6
Q

True or false: Health care professionals must remain vigilant toward preventing disease

A

True

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7
Q

Examples of immunization efforts

A

MMR, poliomyelitis, Hepatitis B

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8
Q

PT undoubtedly deal with patients on a __________ basis who are undergoing treatment for infectious diseases

A

Routine

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9
Q

Infections must be treated effectively to allow full recovery and enable the patient to __________ during physical rehabilitation

A

Progress

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10
Q

True or false: Infections in the respiratory tract, kidneys, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and other organs and tissues must also be resolved so that the patient can fully engage in exercise and other rehabilitation interventions

A

True

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11
Q

True or false: As PTs we do not have to present infection and control of transmission during our service

A

False

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12
Q

Signs and symptoms of infectious diseases

A

-Fever and chills
-Sweating
-Malaise
-Nausea
-Vomiting
-Increased number of leukocytes or change in the types of leukocytes

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13
Q

Elevated WBC count

A

Leukocytosis

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14
Q

Decreased WBC count

A

Leukopenia

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15
Q

The most abundant WBC type is the __________

A

Neutrophil

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16
Q

True or false: Leukopenia is a result of bone marrow disease, radiation, or medications, including chemotherapy

A

True

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17
Q

Leukopenia __________ the risk for patients becoming infected

A

Increases

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18
Q

A reduction of the neutrophil count

A

Neutropenia

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19
Q

Range for WBCs

A

5000-10000/mm3

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20
Q

Blood count for leukocytosis (trending upward)

A

> 10000/mm3

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21
Q

Blood count for leukopenia (trending downward)

A

<4000/mm3

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22
Q

Normal fever temperature

A

98.6 F-99.5 (average of 98.6 F)

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23
Q

Temperature regulating center

A

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

This causes the set-point of the hypothalamic thermostat to rise

A

Pyrogens

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25
Q

The rise in the set point of the hypothalamic results in activation of the hypothalamus to…

A

Conserve heat and increase heat production

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26
Q

A change in body temperature is a characteristic __________ symptom of infectious disease

A

Systemic

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27
Q

True or false: Fever does not accompany non-infectious causes such as inflammatory, neoplastic, and immunologically mediated diseases

A

False

(it does)

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28
Q

Fever patterns

A

Intermittent
Remittent
Sustained or continuous fever
Recurring/relapsing

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29
Q

Some people with serious infection do not initially develop fever but instead express…

A

Become tachypneic and confused
Develop hypotension

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30
Q

True or false: Rupture of an abscess and drainage into other tissues can spread the infection

A

True

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31
Q

List other examples of signs and symptoms of infectious diseases

A

Rash with fever
Red streaks
Inflamed lymph nodes
Joint effusion

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32
Q

True or false: Older adults are more susceptible to infectious diseases

A

True

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33
Q

Older adults experience increased __________ and __________ (especially in the frail debilitated older adult)

A

Morbidity
Mortality

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34
Q

Changes in cell-mediated or T-cell function in aging

A

-Decrease in the number of naive T cells
-Increase in the number of memory T cells
-Slower to respond and requires a stronger stimulus

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35
Q

Extrinsic factors apart from the immune system can lead to __________ susceptibility to infection in the older adult

A

Increased

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36
Q

True or false: Extrinsic factors apart from the immune system do not lead to increased susceptibility to infection in the older adult

A

False

(can lead)

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37
Q

Ways infectious diseases can affect the older adult

A

-Atrophic skin is more easily damaged
-Decreased cough and gag reflexes make it more difficult to control secretions
-Decreased bronchiolar elasticity and mucociliary activity
-Denture associated infections
-More likely to have an implanted device

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38
Q

Symptoms of infectious diseases in older adults are often _______, ________, or ________

A

Vague
Blunted
Atypical

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39
Q

True or false: In aging, older adults can have more serious infections with little or no fever because of an impaired thermoregulatory system or masking effects of drugs

A

True

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40
Q

Lower threshold of temperature for infection in older adults

A

99-100 F

41
Q

True or false: Infectious disease symptoms in aging are not vague, blunted, or atypical

A

False

(they are)

42
Q

Older adults may have more serious infections with little or no fever because of an impaired ___________ or masking effects of ____________

A

Thermoregulatory system
Drugs

43
Q

True or false: A higher threshold of temperature for infection should be used in aging adults

A

False

(lower)

44
Q

An organism that establishes a parasitic relationship with its host

A

Infection

45
Q

Infection begins with transmission of an…

A

Infectious organism

46
Q

A pathogen may _________ the body surface and be destroyed by first-line defenses such as intact __________ or ___________ that prevent further invasion

A

Contaminate
Skin, mucous membrane

47
Q

True or false: A sub-clinical infection may occur in which no apparent symptoms are evident other than an identifiable immune response of the host (antibodies levels increase)

A

True

48
Q

A clinically apparent infection in which the host-parasite interaction causes obvious injury and is accompanied by…. This outcome is called….

A

One or more clinical symptoms
Infectious disease

49
Q

The period between the pathogen entering the host and the appearance of clinical symptoms

A

Incubation period

50
Q

____________ herald the end of the incubation period

A

Disease symptoms

51
Q

Occurs after a microorganism has replicated but remains dormant or inactive in the host, sometimes for years

A

Latent infection

52
Q

True or false: The host does not harbor a pathogen in sufficient quantities to be shed at any time after latency and toward the end of the incubation period

A

False

(the host may harbor)

53
Q

Time period when an organism can be shed

A

Period of communicability

54
Q

True or false: An asymptomatic host can still transmit a pathogen

A

True

55
Q

Types of organisms

A

-Viruses
-Mycoplasmas
-Bacteria
-Rickettsia
-Chlamydiae
-Protozoa
-Fungi
-Helminths
-Mycobacteria
-Prions

56
Q

___________ begins with the transmission of a pathogen to the host

A

Infection

57
Q

Successful transmission depends on a…

A

Pathogenic agent
Reservoir
Portal of exit from the reservoir
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry into the host
Susceptible host

58
Q

Sequence of events in infections

A

Chain of transmission

59
Q

Also called pathogenic agents

A

Pathogens

60
Q

Pathogens are microorganisms that have the capacity to cause _______ (arouse a pathologic response) in the ______

A

Disease
Host

61
Q

Two factors that influence the likelihood of a pathogen producing infectious disease and the type of disease produced

A

Characteristics of the organism
Susceptibility of the host

62
Q

True or false: Pathogens are ineffective parasites because they stimulate a disease response, which may harm the host and eventually kill the pathogen

A

True

63
Q

The ability of the organism to induce disease

A

Pathogenicity

64
Q

Pathogenicity depends on…

A

-The organism’s speed of reproduction in the host
-The extent of damage it causes to tissues
-The strength of any toxin released by the pathogen

65
Q

The potency of the pathogen in producing severe disease

A

Virulence

66
Q

Virulence is measured by…

A

Case of fatality rate (# of people who of the disease divided by the number of people who have the disease)

67
Q

They do not cause disease in people with intact host defense systems but can clearly cause devastating disease in people with severe defects in host defense mechanisms

A

Opportunistic pathogens

68
Q

An environment in which an organism can live and multiply

A

Reservoir

69
Q

Human and animal reservoirs can be ___________ or __________ carriers of the pathogen

A

Symptomatic
Asymptomatic

70
Q

A _______ maintains an environment that promotes growth, multiplication, and shedding of the parasite without exhibiting signs of disease (e.g., hepatitis

A

Carrier

71
Q

The place from which the parasite leaves the reservoir

A

Portal of exit

72
Q

Examples of portal of exits

A

-Secretions and fluids (respiratory secretions, blood, vaginal secretions, semen, tears)
-Excretions (urine and feces)
-Open lesions
-Exudates (pus form an open wound or ulcer)
-HIV has more than one portal of exit

73
Q

Knowledge of the __________ is essential for preventing transmission of a pathogen

A

Portal of exit

74
Q

Modes of transmission

A

-Contact transmission
-Airborne transmission
-Droplet transmission
-Vehicle transmission
-Vector borne transmission)

75
Q

Types of contact transmission

A

Direct contact
Indirect contact

76
Q

Inanimate and intermediate objects

A

Fomites

77
Q

True or false: Telephone, sphygmomanometer, bedside rails, tray tables, countertops, and other items that come into direct contact with the infected person

A

True

78
Q

Small particles (less than 5 μm) that they are capable of floating on air currents within a room and remain suspended in the air for several hours

A

Airborne transmission

79
Q

Examples of airborne transmission

A

Tuberculosis, chickenpox, rubeola measles

80
Q

Larger particles (greater than 5 μm) than airborne particles

A

Droplet transmission

81
Q

True or false: Droplet transmission remain suspended in the air

A

False

(they don’t; they fall out within 3 ft of the source travel only a short distance)

82
Q

Occurs when infectious organisms (e.g., salmonellosis) are transmitted through a common source (e.g., contaminated food, water, and intravenous [IV] fluid) to many potential susceptible hosts

A

Vehicle transmission

83
Q

Involves insects and/or animals that act as intermediaries between two or more hosts

A

Vector-borne transmission

84
Q

A pathogen may enter a new host by…

A

Ingestion (GI tract)
Inhalation (respiratory tract)
Bites
Injury of the skin

85
Q

Microbes commonly enter through contact with ___________ and, less frequently, ____________

A

Mucous membranes
Transplacentally

86
Q

Host susceptibility

A

-Biologic and personal characteristics
-Immunosuppressive agents and corticosteroids
-Inadequate or absent hand hygiene
-Presence of underlying medical disorders
-Breaches of body integrity

87
Q

Lines of defense

A

-1st line of defense (includes microbial antagonism of normal flora of microorganisms)
-2nd line defense (inflammatory process)
-3rd line of defense (immune system)

88
Q

Goal of control of transmission

A

To break the chain of transmission at the most cost-effective point(s)

89
Q

Ways to break the chain of transmission

A

-Education for everyone
-Isolation and barriers
-Comprehensive immunizations
-Prophylactic antibiotic therapy
-Improved nutrition, living conditions, and sanitation
-Avoiding risk taking behaviors
-Correction of environmental factors (proper handling and disposal of secretions, excretions, and exudates; isolation of infected clients and quarantine of contacts)

90
Q

These type of precautions assume any person may be contagious

A

Standard precautions

91
Q

True or false: All clients receiving therapy are not asymptomatic hosts during the period of communicability

A

False

(may be asymptomatic)

92
Q

Infectious or safe wastes?

-Blood and components
-All disposable sharps (used or unused)
-Urine, stool, or emesis if visibly contaminated with blood
-Vaginal secretions
-Semen
-Cerebrospinal fluid
-Synovial fluid
-Pericardial fluid (mediastinal tubes)
-Amniotic fluid

A

Infectious wastes

93
Q

Infectious or safe wastes?

-Cotton balls, band-aids
-Gloves (latex and latex-free), masks, or other personal protective devices
-Nasal secretions
-Sputum
-Feces
-Urine
-Vomitus
-Tears
-Sweat

A

Safe wastes

94
Q

Formerly known as nosocomial infections

A

Healthcare associated infection

95
Q

The infections that develop in hospitalized persons or persons admitted to a health care facility that were not present before admission

A

Healthcare associated infection (HAI)

96
Q

Most healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are caused by…

A

Pneumonia, GI tract infection, and surgical site infections

97
Q

True or false: HAI can result in prolongation of hospital stays, increase in cost of care, and significant morbidity and mortality

A

True

98
Q

Causes of HAI

A

-The frequent use of invasive devices for monitoring or therapy
-The increased use of immunosuppressants and antibiotics
-More colonization and infection by multidrug-resistant organisms
-Greater debilitation and severity of illness of hospitalized clients who acquire these infections
-Lack of hand hygiene predispose people to such infections and superinfections
-Central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs)
-Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)
-Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
-Surgical site infections (SSIs)

99
Q

_____________ is the easiest and most effective means of preventing HAIs and must be done _______, even when gloves are used

A

Hand hygiene
Routinely

Internal Medicine (25 decks)

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