Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Internal Medicine > Week 5- Oncology (pt 3) > Flashcards

Week 5- Oncology (pt 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Major chemotherapeutic agents that induce binding within DNA strands and prevent DNA function and replication

A

Alkylating agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Major chemotherapeutic agents that are structurally similar to endogenous metabolites and compete with these compounds during DNA/RNA biosynthesis

A

Antimetabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primary mechanisms of antimetabolites

A

(1) Mimic the active ingredients or (2) other constituents needed for DNA synthesis and replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or false: Antibiotics are incorporated into the DNA strand between base pairs

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Antibiotics may also induce the formation of _________, leading to DNA strand breakage

A

Free radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Major chemotherapeutic agents that disrupt the normal function of the spindle apparatus (mitotic spindle) and prevent the cell from dividing and proliferating

A

Antimicrotubule (microtubule-targeting) agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Major chemotherapeutic agents that disrupt cellular mitosis by bind to the microtubule and inhibit microtubules assembly or disassembly

A

Antimicrotubule (microtubule-targeting) agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

__________ catalyzes the cutting and re-ligating of DNA strands during the unwinding/rewinding process of DNA replication

A

Topoisomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ___________ render the cell unable to replicate

A

Topoisomerase inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false: All forms of cancer are hormone sensitive, because they tend to be exacerbated by certain hormones and attenuated by others

A

False

(several– not all)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Major chemotherapeutic agents that mimic or block (antagonize) the effects of sex hormones to treat certain hormone-sensitive forms of cancer

A

Anticancer hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Two mechanisms of anticancer hormones

A

(1) Direct inhibitory effects on cancerous cells or (2) by negative feedback mechanisms that decrease the endogenous hormonal stimulation of the tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Also known as heavy metal compounds

A

Platinum coordination complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Major chemotherapeutic agents that form strong cross-links between and within DNA strands, thereby preventing DNA translation and replication

A

Platinum coordination complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or false: There are agents that bind to targets on or in cancer cells and transmit intracellular signals resulting in cell death, deliver chemotherapeutic agents to the disease site, or prevent cell growth and proliferation

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents that stimulate the immune mechanisms by increasing proliferation and activity of immune cellsthat destroyabnormal cell proliferation (cancercells) without harming normal cells

A

Cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Insidious cancer cells synthesize a glycoprotein that is inserted into the cell’s __________ and effectively ___________ drugs from the cancer

A

Membrane
Expels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_____________ produce enzymes and specific and specific substances that __________ drugs within the cancer cell

A

Insidious cancer cells
Inactivate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or false: Insidious cancer cells develop mechanisms that destroy DNA damaged by drugs

A

False

(repair… not destroy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or false: Insidious cancer modify the structure or function of drug receptors so that the drug is unable to bind to receptor

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Many agents are ______ and _________

A

Systemic
Nonspecific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Normal cells most at risk for damage are those that normally have ______________.

A

High mitotic rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Antineoplastic drugs typically have a very _____ therapeutic index (TI)

A

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True or false: Some side effects of chemotherapy can be treated with other drugs

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The most noticeable and distressing adverse effect of chemotherapy

A

Alopecia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Actively growing hear or hair in the ________ phase is very susceptible to chemo

A

Anagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

True or false: Hair is not the most rapidly proliferating cell population in the body

A

False

(it is)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Alopecia typically occurs within 1-3 weeks and is usually _________

A

Temporary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

__________ of hair is 2-3 months after termination of treatment

A

Regrowth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

True or false: Experience with alopecia may vary; ranging from thinning of hair to complete loss of hair, including eyelashes, eyebrows, and body hair

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

True or false: Cells of the oral cavity and GI tract normally divide slowly

A

False

(quickly– not slowly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ulcerations or damage of the mucous cells lining the GI tract

A

Mucositis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Abdominal pain, bloating, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, constipation

A

Mucositis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

This side effects occurs 1-2 hours, peaks at 4-10 hours, and lasts 12-24 hours after administration (1-5 days after platinum-based agents)

A

Chemotherapy-induced nausea (CINV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The inhibition of bone marrow cells

A

Myelosuppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fewer red cells —> ?
Fewer white cells (leukopenia) —-> ?
Fewer platelets –> ?

A

Anemia
Infections and fever
Bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Reduced number of neutrophils

A

Neutropenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Effects of prolonged neutropenia

A

-Severe and life threatening infections
-Fungal infections become more likely
-Gram positive bacteria are seen most often
-Gram negative bacteria are the cause of most serious infections, with a higher mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Persistent, distressing, subjective sense of physical, emotional, and/or cognitive tiredness related to cancer or cancer treatment that is not relieved by rest and is disproportional with recent activity

A

Fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

True or false: Fatigue interferes with a person’s ability to perform daily tasks and reduce quality of life

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

True or false: Fatigue peaks within a few weeks after therapy

A

False

(days– not weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Manifestation of cardiomyopathy

A

-Heart failure
-Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
-Arrhythmias
-Myocarditis
-Myocardial ischemia/infarction
-Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Symptoms to this chemotherapy adverse effect are bronchospasm, fibrosis, or pneumonitis

A

Pulmonary toxicity

44
Q

True or false: Symptoms of pulmonary toxicity occur within a few months of starting treatment

A

True

45
Q

__________ can occur years after completion of treatment (think of pulmonary toxicity)

A

Fibrosis

46
Q

True or false: Risk of pulmonary toxicity is increased with advancing age, tobacco use, concomitant irradiation, and accumulated dose

A

True

47
Q

Many chemo agents, antibiotics, and other drugs used in cancer treatment are metabolized and excreted by the ________

A

Kidneys

48
Q

Cytotoxic drugs destroy malignant cells —> ? —> kidneys are unable to tolerate the sudden load

A

Releasing large amounts of intracellular ions and metabolic byproducts

49
Q

Manefistations of TLS

A

Hyperkalemia (potassium)
Hyperuricemia (uric acid)
Hyperphosphatemia (phosphate) –> hypocalcemia

50
Q

True or false: Damage to the liver can also change the metabolism of other chemotherapy drugs or medications used for other purposes, increasing toxicities

A

True

51
Q

The synthesis of fatty acids and retention of lipids in hepatocytes

A

Steatosis

52
Q

A distinctive and potentially fatal form of hepatic injury that occurs predominantly, if not only, after drug or toxin exposure

A

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS)

53
Q

A toxicity-related injury of peripheral neurons

A

Chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN)

54
Q

Symptoms of CIPN

A

Numbness, tingling, burning of hands/feet that will progress in a distal to proximal pattern as neuropathy becomes more severe

Weakness and/or cramping of distal muscles, decreased balance, gait instability, and decreased fine motor coordination

55
Q

Symptoms may include Neurovascular complications, headaches, focal neurologic deficits, generalized neurologic decline with cognitive impairment, seizure activity, spinal cord damage with myelopathy, cortical atrophy, and white matter abnormalities

A

CNS toxicity

56
Q

3 types of Immunotherapy

A

Cytokines
Adjuvants
Monoclonal antibodies

57
Q

Boosts immune responses against tumors through the administration of immunomodulatory factors

A

Immunotherapy

58
Q

True or false: A method of adoptive cell therapy in immunotherapy is isolating T cells from within or around a tumor, ex vivo expand these cells with IL-2, and infuse them back into the patient

A

True

59
Q

Also known as bone marrow transplantation

A

Hematopoietic cell transplantation

60
Q

True or false: High does of chemo/radiation are not toxic to bone marrow

A

False

(they are toxic)

61
Q

Type of immunotherapy that destroys specific cancer cells without disturbing healthy cells

A

Targeted therapy

62
Q

Large, complex, Y-shaped molecules that bind to specific antigens on the surface of some cells and can destroy cancer cells

A

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)

63
Q

This enzyme can block other enzymes and receptors involved in cancer cell growth and proliferation

A

Tyrosine kinase enzyme

64
Q

True or false: Tumor cells can survive without oxygen and other nutrients transported by the blood

A

False

(they cannot survive)

65
Q

These block the formation of new blood vessels supplying cancer cells

A

Angiogenesis inhibitors

66
Q

This type of therapy can help treat breast or prostate cancer

A

Hormonal therapy

67
Q

These block the ability of estrogen to stimulate tumor growth in estrogen positive tumors

A

Selective estrogen receptor modifiers (SERMs)

68
Q

True or false: Palliative treatment occurs when curative measures are no longer possible or available

A

True

69
Q

Examples of palliative care

A

-Radiation
-Chemotherapy
-Physical therapy (e.g., physical agents, exercise, positioning, relaxation techniques, biofeedback, or manual therapy)
-Medications
-Acupuncture
-Chiropractic care
-Alternative medicine (e.g., homeopathic and naturopathic treatment)
-Hospice care

70
Q

Sometimes referred to as integrative medicine, energy medicine, or bioenergetics

A

Complementary and alternative medicine

71
Q

Examples of complementary and alternative medicine

A

-Acupuncture
-Reike
-BodyTalk
-Hypnosis
-Mind body techniques
-Massage
-Music
-Tai Chi
-Qi gong
-Yoga
-Meditation

72
Q

Prognosis is influenced by…

A

-Type of cancer
-Stage and grade of disease at diagnosis
-Availability of effective treatment
-Response to treatment
-Other factors related to lifestyle such as smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, nutrition, and exercise

73
Q

True or false: The earlier cancers are found, the harder treatment may be, and the lesser likelihood of a cure

A

False

(simpler treatment, greater likelihood)

74
Q

True or false: Prognosis is great for anyone with advanced, disseminated cancer

A

False

(poor… not great)

75
Q

True or false: The terms survival and cure do not always portray the functional status of a cancer survivor

A

True

76
Q

Term that may be used when all signs of the disease have disappeared after treatment but before the end of 5 years occurs and there are no signs of the disease using current tests

A

No evidence of disease

77
Q

Term used if response is maintained for a long period of time

A

Durable remission

78
Q

A person who is alive and without evidence of disease for at least 5 years after diagnosis

A

Cured

79
Q

Disease-free Survival, Event-free Survival, Progression-free Survival, Complete Response, Stable Disease, Near-complete Response, Partial Response, Progressive Disease are terms used to describe…

A

Cancer treatment outcomes

80
Q

True or false: Cancer diagnosis is considered a death sentence

A

False

(not anymore)

81
Q

True or false: Many people considered cured are left with physical limitations and movement dysfunctions that interfere with their daily lives

A

True

82
Q

Exercise plays an important role in cancer _________and __________ the side effects of cancer treatment and promoting improved health among cancer survivors

A

Prevention
Ameliorating

83
Q

True or false: PTs working with oncology patients are encouraged to evaluate the research to find the best choice of exercise for a specific cancer

A

True

84
Q

A ___________ lifestyle is a risk factor for several of the most common types of cancer

A

Sedentary

85
Q

________ minutes of _____________ physical activity at least ______ days/week will reduce the risk of cancer

A

30-60
Moderate to vigorous
5 days / week

86
Q

Type, frequency, duration, and intensity of exercise should be individualized on the basis of:

A

-Age
-Previous fitness level
-Type of cancer and treatment
-Presence of any additional comorbidities

87
Q

During a screening and assessment, a therapist will…

A

-Take a detailed history of treatment
-Examine lab results
-Distinguish between fatigue and deconditioning and fatigue from medical interventions

88
Q

During exercise, the therapist should always…

A

-Monitor oxygen saturation with pulse oximetry
-Evaluate pulse rate
-Breathing frequency
-Blood pressure before, during, and after treatment session
-Watch for early signs of cardiopulmonary complications

89
Q

Each year approximately ________ children in the US are diagnosed with cancer

A

8400

90
Q

With recent advances in treatment, ____% of these children will survive ____ years or more

A

79
5

91
Q

_________ is the second leading cause of death among children between 1 and 14 years of age

A

Cancer

92
Q

________ is one of the most common pediatric malignancies

A

Leukemia

93
Q

The term ________ refers to the damaging effects of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy on nonmalignant tissues, as well as to the social, emotional, and economic consequences of survival

A

Late effects

94
Q

True or false: Late effects have been identified in almost every organ system

A

True

95
Q

Surgery and radiation involving the ____________ system have been associated with defects such as kyphosis, scoliosis, and spinal shortening

A

Musculoskeletal

96
Q

Finally, the child who has received radiation or chemotherapy has a 10-fold _________ chance of developing a second malignancy than a child who has never had cancer

A

Greater

97
Q

Which chemotherapy agents bind to DNA and prevent DNA replication?

-Antimetabolites
-Alkylating agents
-Microtubule targeting agents
-Topoisomerase inhibitors

A

Alkylating agents

98
Q

Tamoxifen in an antiestrogen hormonal agent is used in __________ to block estrogen receptors in tumor cells that require estrogen to thrive.

-Colorectal cancer
-Bone cancer
-Breast cancer
-Lung cancer

A

Breast cancer

99
Q

Monoclonal antibodies may be especially effective in treating certain cancers because these drugs

-create a strong alkyl reaction with the DNA molecule.
-directly inhibit the topoisomerase enzyme responsible for DNA synthesis.
-bind to antigens on the surface of a particular type of cancer cells.
-directly inhibit the mitotic apparatus that is responsible for controlling cell division (mitosis).

A

Bind to antigens on the surface of a particular type of cancer cells.

100
Q

A relatively new strategy for treating certain tumors is to prevent the formation of new blood vessels, thus impairing tumor growth by starving the tumor of oxygen and nutrients. Drugs that use this strategy are known as ______________.

-Topoisomerase inhibitors
-Aromatase inhibitors
-Angiogenesis inhibitors
-Antimetabolites

A

Angiogenesis inhibitors

101
Q

Most cancer chemotherapy agents exert severe and potentially toxic side effects because

-these drugs have a high therapeutic index (TI).
-most of these drugs are not approved by the FDA.
-most of these drugs do not discriminate between healthy tissues and cancerous cells.
-these drugs all have extremely long half-lives, and tend to accumulate in the body for an extended period of time.

A

most of these drugs do not discriminate between healthy tissues and cancerous cells.

102
Q

Some of the newer cancer chemotherapy agents (e.g., cytokines) are called biological therapies or biological response modifiers because they

-form strong alkyl bonds within the DNA of the cancerous cell.
- act as false nucleic acid precursors during DNA biosynthesis.
- encourage the body’s immune system to fight cancerous cells.
-encourage the mitotic apparatus to function more effectively.

A

Encourage the body’s immune system to fight cancerous cells.

103
Q

The drug subclass of cytarabine is antimetabolites. What is the mechanism of action of cytarabine?

-Disrupt the normal function of the spindle apparatus (mitotic spindle) and prevent the cell from dividing and proliferating
-Inhibit topoisomerase during the unwinding/rewinding process of DNA replication
-Inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
-Inhibit tyrosine kinase receptors

A

Inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis

104
Q

Which of the following therapy options is considered as nonpharmacologic modality for cancer pain?

-Chemotherapy
-Relaxation therapy
-Steroids
-Opioid analgesics

A

Relaxation therapy

105
Q

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a serious complication of chemotherapy that has significant adverse effects on the ____________.

-Liver
-Kidney
-Bone marrow
-Nerves

A

Kidney

106
Q

Drug class for Fluorouracil

A

Antimetabolite

Internal Medicine (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions