Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Internal Medicine > Week 13- Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Week 13- Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system functions in coordination with the pulmonary system to…

A

Circulate oxygenated blood through the arterial system to all cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Leading risk factors for CVD include:

A

-Hypertension
-High serum cholesterol levels
-Physical inactivity
-Diabetes
-Suboptimal diet
-Being overweight/obese
-Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

-Risk factor reduction targeted towards an entire population through a focus on social and environmental conditions
-Such measures typically get promoted through laws and national policy

A

Primordial prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

-Often aimed at children to decrease as much risk exposure as possible

A

Primordial prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

-Improving access to an urban neighborhood to safe sidewalks to promote physical activity

A

Primordial prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

-Reducing chances of the first adverse cardiovascular event in patients with no clinical apparent CVD
-Lifestyle and environmental changes

A

Primary prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

-Decrease the recurrent cardiovascular events and reduce death resulting from CVD

A

Secondary prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cardinal symptoms of cardiac disease usually include…

A

-Chest, neck, or arm pain or discomfort; angina, palpitations; dyspnea; syncope (fainting); fatigue; cough; and cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The most common symptoms of the vascular component of cardiovascular pathologic conditions

A

-Edema and leg pain (claudication)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Biomarkers of CVD

A

-BP, premature ventricular contraction, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), C-reactive protein (CRP) etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or false: Cardiovascular disease, especially coronary atherosclerosis, is the most common cause of hospitalization and death in the older population in the US

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cardiovascular disease is likely to be even more of a major health problem in the future, as it accounts for over ___% of cardiovascular deaths in people aged 65 years and older

A

80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or false: The heart pumps more blood and does not work harder in aging

A

False

(less blood and works much harder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Disease-independent changes in the aging heart associated with a reduction in function include the following…

A

-Reduction in the number of myocytes and cells within the conduction tissue
-The development of cardiac fibrosis
-A reduction in calcium transport across membranes
-Lower capillary density
-Decreases in the intracellular response to β-adrenergic stimulation (sometimes referred to as blunted β-adrenoceptor responsiveness)
-Impaired autonomic reflex control of heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

As the arteries age, increased collagen and calcium content and progressive deterioration of the arterial media combined with _____________ formation result in _________ arterial walls and __________ _________, increased systolic BP, and increased fatigue of arterial walls, all of which accelerate arterial damage, producing a self-perpetuating cycle

A

-Atherosclerotic plaque
-Stiff
-Narrowed lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The vasculature changes with aging as the arterial walls _________ with age and the aorta becomes ___________ and _____________

A

-Stiffen
-Dilated
-Elongated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Calcium deposition and changes in the amount of and loss of elasticity in _________ and _________ most often affect the larger and medium-sized vessels

A

-Elastin
-Collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or false: Resting cardiac function (e.g., cardiac output, heart rate) shows minimal age-related changes

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or false: Changes in functional capacity are less apparent during exercise than when at rest

A

False

(more apparent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or false: The maximal heart rate or the highest heart rate during exercise does not decline with age

A

False

(it does decline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to oxygen uptake, heart rate, and maximal cardiac output in exercise?

A

They decline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or false: Exercise can reverse some of the age-associated changes in the heart at least partially, supporting the hypothesis that age-related cardiovascular changes are simply the result of inactivity or deconditioning

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Female hearts not only are _________ than male hearts but also are constructed differently and respond to age and hypertrophic stimuli differently

A

Smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Structural differences in the mitral valve may explain why women are more prone to ____________ than are men

A

Mitral valve prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Women also have a three times greater risk of potentially fatal ____________ from some cardiac and psychotropic medications

A

Arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Women also tend to have a higher incidence of bleeding episodes from ____________ agents

A

Thrombolytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Diseases affecting the heart muscle

A

-Ischemic Heart Disease, Coronary -Heart Disease, Coronary Artery -Disease
-Angina Pectoris
-Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease
-Myocardial Infarction
-Heart Failure
-Orthostatic (postural) hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Any _____ of _____ components constitute a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome

A

3
5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Components that constitute a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome

A

-Elevated waist circumference (in the US: waist size of more than 40 inches [102 cm] in men and 35 inches [88 cm] in women; lower values are recommended for Asian, Middle Eastern, South American, and African groups)
-Reduced levels of HDL (good or “healthy” cholesterol): less than 40 mg/dL in men and 50 mg/dL in women
-Increased blood pressure of 130/85 mm Hg or greater
-Elevated fasting blood glucose level of 100 mg/dL or greater
-Elevated serum triglyceride levels of 150 mg/dL or greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

True or false: Elevated total serum cholesterol levels does not place a person at greater risk for heart disease

A

False

(it does)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The disorder of the myocardium owing to insufficient blood supply

A

Ischemic heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ischemic heart disease is also referred to as…

A

Coronary heart disease or Coronary artery disease

33
Q

A group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls, often referred to as hardening of the arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis

34
Q

Athero mas (plaques of fatty deposits) form in the inner layer (intima) of the arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

35
Q

Involving the middle layer of the arteries with destruction of muscle and elastic fibers and formation of calcium deposits

A

Mönckeberg arteriosclerosis

36
Q

Characterized by thickening of the walls of small arteries (arterioles)

A

Arteriolosclerosis or arteriolar sclerosis

37
Q

True or false: All three forms of arteriosclerosis may be present in the same person but in different blood vessels

A

True

38
Q

Surgical management of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries may include…

A

-Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
-Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
-Coronary stents

39
Q

Can open an occluded coronary artery without opening the chest, an important advantage over bypass surgery

A

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

40
Q

This procedure involves taking a portion of a vein or artery from the leg, chest, or arm and grafting it onto the coronary artery

A

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

41
Q

Medical management of cardiovascular conditions

A

-Lifestyle changes
-Prescriptive exercise
-Medications
-Surgery

42
Q

True or false: As blood vessels become obstructed by the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, the blood supply to tissues supplied by these vessels becomes restricted

A

True

43
Q

When the cardiac workload exceeds the oxygen supply to myocardial tissue, ischemia occurs, causing temporary chest pain or discomfort, called _____________

A

Angina pectoris

44
Q

Causes of myocardia pectoris

A

-Decreased oxygen supply
-Increased oxygen demand

45
Q

SLIDE 29

A
46
Q

Also known as idiopathic hypertension and accounts for 90% to 95% of all cases of hypertension

A

Primary (or essential) hypertension

47
Q

Accounts for only 5% to 10% of cases and results from an identifiable cause

A

Secondary hypertension

48
Q

A syndrome of markedly elevated blood pressure (DBP > 125mmHg) with target organ damage

A

Malignant hypertension

49
Q

Modifiable risk factors of primary hypertension

A

-High sodium intake (causes water retention, increasing blood volume)
-Obesity (associated with increased intravascular volume)
-Insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities
-Diabetes mellitus
-Hypercholesterolemia and increased serum triglyceride levels
-Smoking (nicotine restricts blood vessels)
-Long-term abuse of alcohol (increases plasma catecholamines)
-Continuous emotional stress (stimulates sympathetic nervous system)
-Personality traits (hostility, sense of hopelessness)
-Sedentary lifestyle
-White coat hypertension (see explanation in text)
-Hormonal status (menopause, especially before age 40 years and without HRT; hysterectomy/oophorectomy)

50
Q

Nonmodifiable risk factors of primary hypertension

A

-Positive family history of cardiovascular disease
-Age (>55 years)
-Gender (male <55 years; female >55 years)
-Ethnicity (African American, a Hispanic)

51
Q

Myocardial cell death due to prolonged ischemia

A

Myocardial infarction

52
Q

Caused by CAD and is triggered by the atherosclerotic plaque disruption (rupture or erosion)

A

MI type 1

53
Q

Develops due to a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand by myocardial tissue; no atherosclerotic plaque disruption occurs

A

MI type 2

54
Q

A complex clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood

A

Heart failure

55
Q

True or false: Regarding heart failure, the heart is able to pump sufficient blood to supply the body’s needs

A

False

(unable to pump)

56
Q

A decrease of 20 mm Hg or greater in SBP or a drop of 10 mm Hg or more in both systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure with a concomitant pulse increase of 15 beats/min or more on standing from a supine or sitting position

A

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension

57
Q

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension occurs frequently in older adults and occurs in more than one half of all ____________, contributing significantly to morbidity from _______ , ________, vital organ ischemia (e.g., MI, transient ischemic attacks), and mortality among older adults with diabetic hypertension

A

-Frail older adults
-Syncope
-Falls

58
Q

A disturbance of heart rate or rhythm caused by an abnormal rate of electrical impulse generation by the sinoatrial (SA) node or the abnormal conduction of impulses

A

Arrhythmia

59
Q

Echocardiograms are used to see…

A

-The size and shape of heart, the size, thickness and movement of the heart’s walls
-How the heart moves during heartbeats
-The heart’s pumping strength
If the heart valves are working correctly
-If blood is leaking backwards through the heart valves (regurgitation)
-If the heart valves are too narrow (stenosis)
-If a tumor or infectious growth is around your heart valves
-Problems with the outer lining of the heart (the pericardium)
-Problems with the large blood vessels that enter and leave the heart
-Blood clots in the chambers of the heart
-Abnormal holes between the chambers of the heart

60
Q

The pericardium consists of ___ layers: the __________ layer, which is attached to the epicardium, and an __________ layer

A

-2
-Inner visceral
-Outer parietal

61
Q

The ___________ stabilizes the heart in its anatomic position despite changes in body position and reduces excess friction between the heart and surrounding structures

A

Pericardium

62
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

63
Q

An abnormal stretching (dilation) in the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart with a diameter that is at least 50% greater than normal

A

Aneurysm

64
Q

Aneurysms are named according to the…

A

Specific site of formation

65
Q

These aneurysms are the most common type

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysms

66
Q

Venous diseases

A

-Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
-Varicose veins

67
Q

Swelling of a vein because of vein wall inflammation (phlebitis) occurring as a result of thrombus (blood clot) deposition in the vein

A

Thrombophlebitis

68
Q

Two different types of thrombophlebitis

A

-Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
-Superficial thrombophlebitis

69
Q

A partial occlusion (mural thrombus) or complete occlusion (occlusive thrombus) of a vein by a thrombus (clot) with secondary inflammatory reaction in the wall of the vein (thrombophlebitis)

A

Vein thrombosis

70
Q

Intravascular collection of fibrin network, platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes, the end result of the activation of the clotting cascade with the potential to produce significant morbidity and mortality

A

Venous thrombus

71
Q

Risk factors for DVT

A

-Immobility (venous stasis)
-Trauma (venous damage)
-Lifestyle
-Hypercoagulation and other

72
Q

Can occur when part of a thrombus (embolus) in a DVT breaks loose and travels through the right side of the heart into the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary embolism

73
Q

True or false: An embolus lodged in a pulmonary artery or one of its branches occludes blood flow to that part of the lung, damaging the lung and impairing gas exchange

A

True

74
Q

True or false: PEs, most often from the large, deep veins of the pelvis and legs, are the most devastating complication of DVT and can occur without apparent warning, ending in sudden death

A

True

75
Q

DVT and PE are referred to as…

A

Venous thromboembolism (VTE)

76
Q

_____ is the most common reason for hospital readmission and death after total hip and total knee arthroplasty

A

VTE

77
Q

__________ can be formed of other substances besides a blood clot; air bubbles, fat droplets, amniotic fluid, clumps of parasites, or tumor cells can lead to a VTE

A

Emboli

78
Q

An abnormal dilation of veins, usually the saphenous veins of the lower extremities, leading to tortuosity (twisting and turning) of the vessel, incompetence of the valves, and a propensity to thrombosis

A

Varicose veins

Internal Medicine (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions