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Internal Medicine > Week 4- Oncology (pt 1) *need to finish > Flashcards

Week 4- Oncology (pt 1) *need to finish Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to a large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and spread of abnormal cells

A

Cancer

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2
Q

About ___%-___% of all cancers are genetic, whereas ___% - ____% are related to other (often modifiable) factors

A

5%-10%

90%-95%

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3
Q

Other terms for cancer:

A

-Malignant neoplasm
-Tumor
-Malignancy
-Carcinoma

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4
Q

The process by which normal cells undergo physical and structural changes as they develop to form different tissues of the body

A

Differentiation

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5
Q

These types of cells form different tissues to specialize in different functions

A

Normal cells

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6
Q

Differentiation is altered and may have lost identity with the parent tissue completely in these types of cells

A

Malignant cells

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7
Q

True or false: Less differentiated a tumor becomes, the slower metastasis occurs and the better the prognosis is

A

False

(faster metastasis, worse prognosis)

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8
Q

General term that indicates a disorganization of cells in which an adult cell varies from its normal, size, shape, or organization

A

Dysplasia

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9
Q

What is the first level of dysplasia?

A

Metaplasia

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10
Q

Reversible and benign but abnormal change in which one adult cell changes from one type to another

A

Metaplasia

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11
Q

Loss of cellular differentiation

A

Anaplasia

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12
Q

The most advanced form of metaplasia and is considered the hallmark feature of malignant disease

A

Anaplasia

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13
Q

The increased number of cells in tissue that results in increased tissue mass

A

Hyperplasia

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14
Q

The increase in cell mass due to tumor formation and is an abnormal process

A

Neoplastic hyperplasia

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15
Q

An abnormal new growth of tissue that serves no useful purpose and may harm the host organism by competing for vital blood supply and nutrients

A

Tumors

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16
Q

Classification of tumors

A

-Benign or malignant
-Primary or secondary

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17
Q

True or false: A primary tumor arises from cells that are normally local to the given structure

A

True

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18
Q

True or false: A secondary tumor arises from cells that have metastasized from another part of the body

A

True

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19
Q

According to the CDC, ______ is #2 as a leading death

A

Cancer

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20
Q

A localized, preinvasive, and possibly premalignant tumor or epithelial tissue

A

Carcinoma in situ

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21
Q

Carcinoma in situ tumors are contained within the ____________ and have not broken through the ______________.

A

Host organ

Basement membrane

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22
Q

A neoplasm can be classified on the basis of…

A

Cell type
Tissue of origin
Degree of differentiation
Anatomic site
Benign/malignant

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23
Q

When tumors are classified by cell type they are named according to the __________.

A

Tissue from which they arise

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24
Q

Five major classifications of normal body tissue:

A

Epithelial
Connective and muscle
Nerve
Lymphoid
Hematopoietic

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25
Q

The process of describing the extent of disease at the time of diagnosis to aid treatment planning, predict clinical outcome, and compare the results of different treatment approaches

A

Staging

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26
Q

Stage of carcinoma in situ

A

Stage 0

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27
Q

Early stage, cancer is localized to primary organ

A

Stage I

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28
Q

Increased risk of regional spread because of tumor size or grade

A

Stage II

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29
Q

Local cancer has spread regionally but may not be disseminated to distant regions

A

Stage III

30
Q

Cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites

A

Stage IV

31
Q

What does the stage of disease reflect on?

A

Rate of growth
Extent of neoplasms
Prognosis

32
Q

What does the TNM system stand for?

A

Tumor
Node
Metastases

33
Q

TNM letter that refers to the size of the primary tumor and carries a number from 0-4

A

T (Tumor)

34
Q

TNM letter that represents regional lymph node involvement and is also ranked from 0-4

A

N (Node)

35
Q

TNM letter that represents if metastasis has occurred

A

M (metastasis)

36
Q

Ranking if no metastasis has occurred

A

M 0

37
Q

Ranking if metastases are present

A

M 1

38
Q

True or false: Grading of tumor tissue is done by a clinician using different grading for different types of tumors

A

False

(pathologist)

39
Q

True or false: The lower the value, the lower the tumor grade and the better differentiation of tissue within the tumor

A

True

40
Q

A highly scored/scaled tumor is considered a ________ tumor with poor cellular differentiation and a tendency to metastasize early

A

High-grade

41
Q

Most commonly diagnosed cancers

A

Lung
Breast
Colorectal

42
Q

Most prevalent cancer in the world

A

Lung cancer

43
Q

This cancer accounts for the largest number of cancer deaths worldwide

A

Lung

44
Q

Survival rates for cancer are on the rise, increasing from ___% to about ____% over the last ____ years.

A

50%
67%
30

45
Q

Any person who has been diagnosed with cancer, from the time of diagnoses through the balance of life

A

Cancer survivor

46
Q

Common male cancer survivor diagnoses

A

Prostate
Colorectal
Melanoma

47
Q

Common female cancer survivor diagnoses

A

Breast
Uterine
Colorectal

48
Q

Overall incidence of cancer peaked in the early ________s and has declined in the last decade by an average of ___% annually, with a _____% decline in cancer death rates

A

1990s
1.1%
1.5%

49
Q

Among men, the most common cancers are predicted to be cancers of the:

A

Prostate
Lung and bronchus
Colon/rectum

50
Q

Among women, the three most commonly diagnosed cancers are expected to be cancers of the:

A

Breast
Lung and bronchus
Colon/rectum

51
Q

Categories of causative agents

A

Endogenous (genetic)
Exogenous (environmental)

52
Q

True or false: Most cancers develop as a result of multiple environmental, viral, and genetic factors working together

A

True

53
Q

True or false: Environmental and genetic factors can disrupt the immune system and cause failure of an aging immune system to recognize and scavenge the less differentiated cells

A

True

54
Q

Most common cancers showing a ____________ pattern include prostate, breast, ovarian, and colon cancers

A

Familial

55
Q

______% of all cancers are caused by one or more of nearly 500 different cancer-causing agents (e.g., tobacco use, viruses, chemical agents, physical agents, drugs, alcohol, hormones)

A

50%

56
Q

Etiologic agents capable of initiating the malignant transformation of a cell

A

Carcinogens

57
Q

Risk factors for cancer

A

-Hereditary
-Aging
-Lifestyle
-Geographic location/environmental variables
-Ethnicity
-Precancerous lesions
-Stress

58
Q

Early in the study of cancer, the concept that neoplasia originates in a single cell by acquired genetic change was proposed and remains today the view of cancer pathogenesis most supported by experimental evidence

A

Somatic mutation theory

59
Q

The discovery that ______________ is one of the basic mechanisms of tumor cell proliferation laid the foundation of modern cancer cytogenetics (study of chromosomes in cancer)

A

Chromosomal abberation

60
Q

True or false: Chromosomal changes can include the addition or deletion of entire chromosomes or translocations, deletions, inversions, and insertions of parts of chromosomes

A

True

61
Q

True or false: Exactly how chromosomal changes contribute to the malignant process are now clear

A

False

(remain unclear)

62
Q

Chromosomal rearrangements may lead to __________ activation

A

Oncogene

63
Q

Another proposed mechanism suggests that chromosomal changes inactivate a tumor suppressor gene through _________________.

A

Chromosomal deletion

64
Q

Cancer-causing genes or proto-oncogenes

A

Oncogenes

65
Q

What can oncogenes do?

A

Transform normal cells into malignant cells, independently or incorporated with a virus

66
Q

These have the opposite effect of oncogenes

A

Tumor suppressor genes

67
Q

When activated, _______________ can regulate growth and inhibit carcinogens

A

Tumor suppressor genes

68
Q

An example of a tumor suppressor gene

A

p53

69
Q

There are different functional and morphologic cancer cells within a single tumor and a hierarchical order in which the abnormal stem cells form and feed a cancer

A

Cancer stem cell hypothesis

70
Q

Why do the tumor-initiating stem cells resist chemotherapy and radiation therapy?

A

Their DNA repair mechanisms are more highly developed

71
Q

The process by which a normal cell undergoes malignant transformation

A

Carcinogenesis

72
Q

Carcinogenesis involves progressive changes after ___________ or ____________ through the development of hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasive carcinoma, and metastatic carcinoma in that order

A

Genetic damage
Alteration of cellular DNA

Internal Medicine (25 decks)

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