Week 4- Oncology (pt 1) *need to finish Flashcards
Refers to a large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and spread of abnormal cells
Cancer
About ___%-___% of all cancers are genetic, whereas ___% - ____% are related to other (often modifiable) factors
5%-10%
90%-95%
Other terms for cancer:
-Malignant neoplasm
-Tumor
-Malignancy
-Carcinoma
The process by which normal cells undergo physical and structural changes as they develop to form different tissues of the body
Differentiation
These types of cells form different tissues to specialize in different functions
Normal cells
Differentiation is altered and may have lost identity with the parent tissue completely in these types of cells
Malignant cells
True or false: Less differentiated a tumor becomes, the slower metastasis occurs and the better the prognosis is
False
(faster metastasis, worse prognosis)
General term that indicates a disorganization of cells in which an adult cell varies from its normal, size, shape, or organization
Dysplasia
What is the first level of dysplasia?
Metaplasia
Reversible and benign but abnormal change in which one adult cell changes from one type to another
Metaplasia
Loss of cellular differentiation
Anaplasia
The most advanced form of metaplasia and is considered the hallmark feature of malignant disease
Anaplasia
The increased number of cells in tissue that results in increased tissue mass
Hyperplasia
The increase in cell mass due to tumor formation and is an abnormal process
Neoplastic hyperplasia
An abnormal new growth of tissue that serves no useful purpose and may harm the host organism by competing for vital blood supply and nutrients
Tumors
Classification of tumors
-Benign or malignant
-Primary or secondary
True or false: A primary tumor arises from cells that are normally local to the given structure
True
True or false: A secondary tumor arises from cells that have metastasized from another part of the body
True
According to the CDC, ______ is #2 as a leading death
Cancer
A localized, preinvasive, and possibly premalignant tumor or epithelial tissue
Carcinoma in situ
Carcinoma in situ tumors are contained within the ____________ and have not broken through the ______________.
Host organ
Basement membrane
A neoplasm can be classified on the basis of…
Cell type
Tissue of origin
Degree of differentiation
Anatomic site
Benign/malignant
When tumors are classified by cell type they are named according to the __________.
Tissue from which they arise
Five major classifications of normal body tissue:
Epithelial
Connective and muscle
Nerve
Lymphoid
Hematopoietic
The process of describing the extent of disease at the time of diagnosis to aid treatment planning, predict clinical outcome, and compare the results of different treatment approaches
Staging
Stage of carcinoma in situ
Stage 0
Early stage, cancer is localized to primary organ
Stage I
Increased risk of regional spread because of tumor size or grade
Stage II
Local cancer has spread regionally but may not be disseminated to distant regions
Stage III
Cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites
Stage IV
What does the stage of disease reflect on?
Rate of growth
Extent of neoplasms
Prognosis
What does the TNM system stand for?
Tumor
Node
Metastases
TNM letter that refers to the size of the primary tumor and carries a number from 0-4
T (Tumor)
TNM letter that represents regional lymph node involvement and is also ranked from 0-4
N (Node)
TNM letter that represents if metastasis has occurred
M (metastasis)
Ranking if no metastasis has occurred
M 0
Ranking if metastases are present
M 1
True or false: Grading of tumor tissue is done by a clinician using different grading for different types of tumors
False
(pathologist)
True or false: The lower the value, the lower the tumor grade and the better differentiation of tissue within the tumor
True
A highly scored/scaled tumor is considered a ________ tumor with poor cellular differentiation and a tendency to metastasize early
High-grade
Most commonly diagnosed cancers
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Most prevalent cancer in the world
Lung cancer
This cancer accounts for the largest number of cancer deaths worldwide
Lung
Survival rates for cancer are on the rise, increasing from ___% to about ____% over the last ____ years.
50%
67%
30
Any person who has been diagnosed with cancer, from the time of diagnoses through the balance of life
Cancer survivor
Common male cancer survivor diagnoses
Prostate
Colorectal
Melanoma
Common female cancer survivor diagnoses
Breast
Uterine
Colorectal
Overall incidence of cancer peaked in the early ________s and has declined in the last decade by an average of ___% annually, with a _____% decline in cancer death rates
1990s
1.1%
1.5%
Among men, the most common cancers are predicted to be cancers of the:
Prostate
Lung and bronchus
Colon/rectum
Among women, the three most commonly diagnosed cancers are expected to be cancers of the:
Breast
Lung and bronchus
Colon/rectum
Categories of causative agents
Endogenous (genetic)
Exogenous (environmental)
True or false: Most cancers develop as a result of multiple environmental, viral, and genetic factors working together
True
True or false: Environmental and genetic factors can disrupt the immune system and cause failure of an aging immune system to recognize and scavenge the less differentiated cells
True
Most common cancers showing a ____________ pattern include prostate, breast, ovarian, and colon cancers
Familial
______% of all cancers are caused by one or more of nearly 500 different cancer-causing agents (e.g., tobacco use, viruses, chemical agents, physical agents, drugs, alcohol, hormones)
50%
Etiologic agents capable of initiating the malignant transformation of a cell
Carcinogens
Risk factors for cancer
-Hereditary
-Aging
-Lifestyle
-Geographic location/environmental variables
-Ethnicity
-Precancerous lesions
-Stress
Early in the study of cancer, the concept that neoplasia originates in a single cell by acquired genetic change was proposed and remains today the view of cancer pathogenesis most supported by experimental evidence
Somatic mutation theory
The discovery that ______________ is one of the basic mechanisms of tumor cell proliferation laid the foundation of modern cancer cytogenetics (study of chromosomes in cancer)
Chromosomal abberation
True or false: Chromosomal changes can include the addition or deletion of entire chromosomes or translocations, deletions, inversions, and insertions of parts of chromosomes
True
True or false: Exactly how chromosomal changes contribute to the malignant process are now clear
False
(remain unclear)
Chromosomal rearrangements may lead to __________ activation
Oncogene
Another proposed mechanism suggests that chromosomal changes inactivate a tumor suppressor gene through _________________.
Chromosomal deletion
Cancer-causing genes or proto-oncogenes
Oncogenes
What can oncogenes do?
Transform normal cells into malignant cells, independently or incorporated with a virus
These have the opposite effect of oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
When activated, _______________ can regulate growth and inhibit carcinogens
Tumor suppressor genes
An example of a tumor suppressor gene
p53
There are different functional and morphologic cancer cells within a single tumor and a hierarchical order in which the abnormal stem cells form and feed a cancer
Cancer stem cell hypothesis
Why do the tumor-initiating stem cells resist chemotherapy and radiation therapy?
Their DNA repair mechanisms are more highly developed
The process by which a normal cell undergoes malignant transformation
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis involves progressive changes after ___________ or ____________ through the development of hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasive carcinoma, and metastatic carcinoma in that order
Genetic damage
Alteration of cellular DNA
