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Internal Medicine > Week 6- The Immune System (pt 1) > Flashcards

Week 6- The Immune System (pt 1) Flashcards

1
Q

A combining form meaning “making, formation”

A

-poeisis

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2
Q

The immune system is comprised of a number of cells in ____ groups

A

3

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3
Q

Monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, natural killer cells

A

Innate immune system

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4
Q

B and T cells or lymphocytes

A

Adaptive immune system

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5
Q

Macrophages and dendritic cells

A

Innate and adapative systems

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6
Q

Poly-morpho-nuclear cells (PMNs) due to their segmented nucleus (3-5 lobes)

A

Neutrophils

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7
Q

True or false: Neutrophils are only classified as phagocytes

A

False

(phagocytes and granulocytes)

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8
Q

Neutrophils are the ________ cells to arrive at sites

A

First

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9
Q

Neutrophils constitute a major line of defense against ___________

A

Pus-forming bacteria

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10
Q

True or false: During acute inflammation or infection, neutrophils increase dramatically in number

A

True

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11
Q

These cells are large, long-lived cells with a bi-lobed nucleus that originate in bone marrow

A

Monocytes

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12
Q

In response to infection and inflammation, monocytes migrate into tissues and mature into ____________

A

Macrophages

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13
Q

True or false: Macrophages take over the neutrophils’ job by filtering the debris produced by the neutrophils and kill any damaged, but not dead, bacteria or bacteria that are too large for neutrophils to eliminate

A

True

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14
Q

Macrophages can remove other cells such as aged _____ or dead ______

A

RBCs
Neutrophils

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15
Q

These cells are involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections

A

Eosinophils

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16
Q

True or false: Eosinophils surround the pathogens if they are too small for neutrophils and macrophages to eliminate

A

False

(too large)

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17
Q

Eosinophils release granules that contain…

A

Histamine (vasodilator)
Heparin (anticoagulant)
Cytokines (inflammatory reactions)

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18
Q

The granulocytes that involve in allergic reactions

A

Basophils

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19
Q

Involved in allergic responses, anaphylaxis, wound healing and against invading pathogens

A

Mast cells

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20
Q

True or false: Mast cells posses granules containing histamine and other molecules that dilate blood vessels

A

True

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21
Q

Basophils and mast cells both increase the ___________ by recruiting more __________ to the site of infection

A

Blood supply
Phagocytes

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22
Q

Movement and removal of antigens, antibodies, and portions of the complement system

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs) and thrombocytes (platelets)

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23
Q

Platelets are the primary cells for _________ and __________

A

Thrombosis
Hemostasis

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24
Q

These lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies to neutralize invading pathogens

A

B lymphocytes

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25
Q

These lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus

A

T lymphocytes

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26
Q

Two types of T lymphocytes

A

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells

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27
Q

Mature natural killer cells are in __________ and __________

A

Blood
Spleen

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28
Q

These cells kill cells infected with viruses, other intracellular microbe-infected cells, and tumor cells

A

Natural killer cells

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29
Q

How NK cells kill other cells

A

-Localized to infected tissues in response to inflammatory cytokines
-Release cytotoxic granules –> create pores–> activate a programmed death cascade
-Release more cytokines to recruit macrophages and initiate adaptive immunity

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30
Q

These cells readily ingest pathogens and kill them to protect against infections

A

Phagocytes

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31
Q

Two principle families of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes

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32
Q

Granulocytes that are short lived for 2-3 days

A

Neutrophils

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33
Q

Non-granulocytes that persist for months or years

A

Monocytes

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34
Q

True or false: Eosinophils and basophils are broadly referred to as non-professional phagocytes

A

True

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35
Q

A decreased number of phagocytic leukocytes can make an individual more susceptible to ___________

A

Infection

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36
Q

Three major types of cells that place a peptide (antigen) on their MHC class II complex and present to T helper cells (CD4+)

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
B cells

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37
Q

Can be recognized by cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

A

Class I

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38
Q

Can be recognized by helper T cells (CD4+)

A

Class II

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39
Q

_____________ prevent initial microbial colonization

A

Physical mechanisms

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40
Q

If the invading microbe breaches the first line of defense, ____________ immune mechanisms function to eliminate the pathogen

A

Nonspecific innate

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41
Q

When innate immunity fails to prevent the spread of infection, ____________ serves as a specific and comprehensive third line of defense

A

Adaptive immunity

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42
Q

The __________ response takes time to develop and is mediated by _________ and their products

A

Adaptive immune
Lymphocytes

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43
Q

True or false: The kinetics of various human defense mechanisms may differ, depending on the type of infection

A

True

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44
Q

This type of immunity is capable of resolving most threats and compromised of early host defense mechanisms

A

Innate immunity

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45
Q

Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers that provide protection against invaders

A

External defenses

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46
Q

Skin, mucus, peristalsis, coughing, sneezing, stomach acid, cerumen, tears, and saliva are examples of this defense

A

External defense

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47
Q

Soluble factors (complement system, cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins) are part of this defense

A

Internal defense

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48
Q

Cellular components (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells) are included in this defense

A

Internal defense

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49
Q

____________ occurs to increase blood flow and decrease blood velocity

A

Vasodilation

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50
Q

Increased permeability leads to _______ migrating across the vessels walls

A

WBC

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51
Q

Term used to describe the process of WBC migrating across the vessel walls

A

Diapedesis

52
Q

Cellular debris and fluid eventually drains through the __________ system

A

Lymphatic

53
Q

_____ and _____ cells receive training in adaptive immunity

A

B cells
T cells

54
Q

Plasma Protein Systems

A

Complement system
Clotting system
Kinin system

55
Q

Type of acquired immunity that is based on natural contact and infection with the antigen (environmental exposure)

A

Active natural

56
Q

The length of resistance for active natural immunity is…

A

Usually permanent but may be temporary

57
Q

Type of acquired immunity that is based on inoculation of the antigen (vaccination)

A

Active artificial

58
Q

The length of active artificial immunity is…

A

Usually permanent but may be temporary (occasional exceptions)

59
Q

Type of acquired immunity that is based on natural contact with antibody (mother to fetus) or through colostrum and breast milk

A

Passive natural

60
Q

The length of resistance for natural passive immunity is…

A

Temporary

61
Q

Type of acquired immunity that is based on inoculation of antibody or antitoxin; immune serum globulin

A

Passive artificial

62
Q

The length of resistance for passive artificial immunity is…

A

Temporary

63
Q

Immunologically active site on an antigen that binds to a T-cell receptor or to an antibody

A

Epitope

64
Q

True or false: The humoral and cell-mediated aspects of adaptive immunity have nonspecific interactions with different antigens

A

False

(specific)

65
Q

This part of adaptive immunity is mediated by antibodies (produced by plasma cells– differentiated form of B lymphocytes) presented as serum globulins

A

Humoral

66
Q

True or false: Humoral adaptive immunity has a primary and secondary (memory) T-cell response

A

False

(antibody response)

67
Q

This part of adaptive immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes. It secretes cytokines and produces, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory/suppressor T cells

A

Cell-mediated

68
Q

True or false: Cell-mediated adaptive immunity has a primary and secondary (memory) T-cell response

A

True

69
Q

__________ are produced by B cells

A

Antibodies

70
Q

Globulins with antibody activity

A

Immunoglobulins

71
Q

The _________ determines the type of the antibody (immunoglobin) encoded by a gene segment

A

Heavy chain

72
Q

There are ____ categories of gene segments that encode the immunoglobulin heavy chain

A

5

73
Q

-Produced by and expressed on the surface of a B cell
-The first secreted antibody and is predominant in a primary or initial immune response

A

IgM

74
Q

-The major antibacterial and antiviral antibody in the blood
-Synthesized during a secondary immune response (after IgM)

A

IgG

75
Q

-In serum and secretions (ex: saliva, breast milk, urine, tears, nasal fluids, etc.)
-Defends external body surfaces (ex: mucous membrane)

A

IgA

76
Q

-Low levels in the blood
-Predominantly found bound to high affinity receptors on mast cells and basophils
-Function during allergic reactions

A

IgE

77
Q

-Low levels in the blood
-Serve as an antigen receptor on mature naive B cells

A

IgD

78
Q

Major functions of immunoglobulins

A

-Directly attack antigens, destroying/neutralizing them through the process of agglutination, precipitating the toxins out of solution, neutralizing antigenic substances, lysing the organism’s cell wall
-Activate the complement system
-Activate anaphylaxis by releasing histamine in tissue and blood
-Stimulate antibody mediated hypersensitivity

79
Q

The generation of a diverse T-cell repertoire depends upon rearrangement of _____ that comprise the variable region of the T-cell receptor

A

Genes

80
Q

Through __________ processes, the genes that encode the B cell receptors undergo permanent changes in DNA sequence during B-cell development to create millions of unique antigen receptors

A

Gene rearrangement

81
Q

These immunities are part of the adaptive immune responses

A

B-cell and T-cell immunity

82
Q

The principle function of this immunity is the destruction of microbes that are able to survive in the cytoplasm or phagocytic vesicles of infected cells

A

Cell-mediated immunity

83
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is responsible for the rejection of ___________ and certain _________

A

Transplanted tissue
Autoimmune diseases

84
Q

Bone marrow –> thymus gland –> secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen)

A

T-cell development

85
Q

The basis for vaccination

A

Immunologic memory

86
Q

________ rapidly differentiate into effectors that can respond more rapidly and with heightened immune responses, resulting in pathogen clearance

A

Memory T cells

87
Q

CD4 + T lymphocytes

A

Helper T cells

88
Q

HIV infection results in the gradual decline of __________

A

CD4 + T cells

89
Q

-The effector cells
-Primarily CD8 + T lymphocytes and thus MHC class I restricted
-Controlling viral infections by directly killing virally infected cells and producing cytokines (e.g., IFNγ) that inhibit viral replication

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

90
Q

-Prevent inappropriate responses against “self” antigens of the host or commensal microorganisms

A

Regulatory T lymphocyte

91
Q

__________ (produced by B lymphocytes) present in different body fluids or secretions, such as saliva, blood, or vaginal secretions

A

Antibodies

92
Q

True or false: Antibodies are not very effective against organisms that are free floating in the body

A

False

(they are very effective)

93
Q

Bone marrow –> secondary lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes) –> sample antigens –> immature B cells express IgD on the cell surface and become mature B cells –> second signal (come from helper T cells or innate immune components such as complement proteins) for proliferation –> plasma cells (IgM) and memory B cells

A

B-cell development

94
Q

Primary function of immune system

A

Eliminate infections agents without attacking the body’s own tissues

95
Q

Phases of the immune response

A

-Recognition phase
-Amplification phase
-Effector phase
-Termination phase
-Memory

96
Q

Factors affecting immunity

A

-Aging
-Nutrition
-Environmental pollution and exposure to chemicals
-Trauma or illnesses
-Many more (New research is discovering the sensory functions of the intestine and how neural, hormonal, and immune signals interact)

97
Q

__________ can regulate the ability of the immune system to initiate a response against pathogens

A

Exercise

98
Q

The immune system is __________ or __________ during exercise, depending on intensity

A

Enhanced
Suppressed

99
Q

True or false: Regular and moderate exercise can be beneficial for the immune system

A

True

100
Q

True or false: Strenuous, intense or long-duration exercise do not impair the immune system

A

False

(they do impair)

101
Q

Exercise triggers a rise in blood levels of _________ and stimulates the phagocytic activity of __________ and __________

A

Neutrophils (PMNs)
Neutrophils
Macrophages

102
Q

If the exercise goes beyond _____ minutes, a second, or delayed, rise in PMNs occurs over next ______ hours

A

30
2-4

103
Q

The delayed rise in PMNs (Poly-morpho-nuclear cells) is probably the result of _________

A

Cortisol

104
Q

The number and the function of ________ increase during and immediately after exercise of various types, duration, and intensity

A

NK (Natural Killer) cells

105
Q

The NK enhancement (promoting cytotoxicity) is __________ and seems to result from a surge in __________ levels

A

Temporary
Epinephrine

106
Q

After intense exercise of long duration, the concentration of NK cells and NK cytolytic activity ________ _________ preexercise values

A

Declines below

107
Q

True or false: Brisk exercise increases WBC count

A

True

108
Q

True or false: Lymphocytes decrease during exercise but increase below normal levels for several hours after intense exercise

A

False

(increase, decrease)

109
Q

True or false: Strenuous or high-intensity exercise >80% of VO2max, can suppress immune function and damage enough tissue to evoke the acute-phase response in human beings

A

True

110
Q

True or false: Regular exercise, anti-inflammatory effects of an acute bout of exercise will not protect against chronic systemic low-grade inflammation

A

False

(will protect)

111
Q

True or false: Exercise regulates immune system and delaying the onset of immunosenescence (decline function due to aging)

A

True

112
Q

Regular exercise is associated with…

A

-Enhanced responses to vaccinations
-Lower numbers of exhausted/senescent T cells, circulatory levels of inflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory response to bacterial challenge
-Increased T-cell proliferative capacity, neutrophil phagocytic activity, and NK cell cytotoxic activity
-Longer leukocyte telomere lengths in aging humans
-Delay apoptosis

113
Q

Factors to determine overtraining

A

Current level of fitness, recovery (short and long term), presence of pathogens, and nutrition

114
Q

The immune cells most altered by overtraining were _________

A

Neutrophils

115
Q

True or false: Intense exercise causes suppression of immune parameters in young subjects, but no detrimental effect on immune function or rate of infections in older adults

A

True

116
Q

True or false: Relatively intense exercise programs may be prescribed without impairing immune function in strong, young people

A

False

(Frail, elderly)

117
Q

True or false: During an infectious episode, intense exercise should be avoided

A

True

118
Q

If you want to determine if one should exercise in the presence of acute viral or bacterial infection, a _______ should be conducted

A

Neck check

119
Q

True or false: If the symptoms of an acute viral or bacterial infection are located above the neck, exercise should be performed cautiously through the scheduled workout at half speed

A

True

120
Q

True or false: If a fever or symptoms below the neck are evident, exercise should be initiated

A

False

(should not be initiated)

121
Q

Phase in which innate immune receptors bind to common molecular motifs on pathogens or antibodies that are bound to the invader

A

Recognition

122
Q

Phase that involves complement cascades, production of soluble factors, and recruitment of an army of cells in the case of innate immunity

A

Amplification

123
Q

Phase that results in removal of antigens by a number of different mechanisms (ex: neutralization, lysis, phagocytosis, direct killing by cytotoxic T cells)

A

Effector

124
Q

Phase that dampens the immune system after the antigen has been cleared. It is critical for the prevention of excessive responses that may harm the host.

A

Termination

125
Q

Phase that involves the generation of long-lived T and B lymphocytes

A

Memory

Internal Medicine (25 decks)

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