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Internal Medicine > Week 9- Endocrine and Metabolic Systems 2 *didn't finish > Flashcards

Week 9- Endocrine and Metabolic Systems 2 *didn't finish Flashcards

1
Q

The largest endocrine organ in the body

A

Adipose tissue

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2
Q

The proteins released by adipocytes after being induced by neurotransmitters and glucose (along with other molecules)

A

Adipokines

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3
Q

Adipokines act locally as _________ hormones and through the ________ as endocrine hormones

A

Autocrine
Bloodstream

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4
Q

Function of adipokines

A

Maintain the balance of energy by regulating appetite, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and lipid uptake

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5
Q

A specialized tissue that is important in thermoregulation, converting energy from food into heat

A

Brown fat

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6
Q

True or false: The amount of fat increases into adulthood

A

False

(decreases)

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7
Q

True or false: Some brown fat remains in specific locations through the life span

A

True

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8
Q

The classic adipose tissue responsible for storage of triglycerols to provide a long-term reservoir of energy for the body

A

White fat

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9
Q

True or false: White fat is involved in cardiovascular and metabolic complications (e.g., atherosclerosis and T2DM), inflammatory- (OA) and immune-related disorders (RA))

A

True

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10
Q

Fat accumulated in the lower body (subcutaneous fat) results in a __________ figure

A

Pear-shaped

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11
Q

Fat in the abdominal area (visceral fat) produces more of an _________ shape

A

Apple

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12
Q

Visceral fat produces _________ (e.g., TNF or IL-6) that increase the risk of _______ by promoting insulin resistance and low-level chronic inflammation

A

Cytokines
CVD

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13
Q

True or false: BMI is a stronger predictor than waist circumference and waist-to-height ratios

A

False

(WC and WTH are stronger)

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14
Q

True or false: “Keep your waist circumference to less than half your height” may be a useful screening tool across cultures

A

True

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15
Q

Central obesity has been linked with serious health consequences such as…

A

CVE
Insulin resistance
Diabetes mellitus

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16
Q

A multifactorial disease with complex interactions between lifestyle, environment, and genetics

A

Obesity

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17
Q

A communicable disease because it is a “socially contagious feature of globalization”

A

Obesity

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18
Q

The branch of medicine concerned with the management of obesity

A

Bariatrics

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19
Q

BMI of <18.5

A

Underweight

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20
Q

BMI of 18.5-24.9

A

Normal range

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21
Q

BMI of 25-29.9

A

Overweight

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22
Q

BMI of over or on 30

A

Obese

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23
Q

BMI of 30-34.9

A

Obese class I

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24
Q

BMI of 35-39.9

A

Obese class II

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25
Q

BMI of greater than or on 40

A

Obese class III (morbid obesity)

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26
Q

Overweight for children

A

BMI 85th-94th percentile

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27
Q

Obese for children

A

Greater than 95th percentile

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28
Q

Obesity if occurs when there is an imbalance between ____________ and ________, with more energy ___________ than is _____________

A

Energy intake
Energy expenditure
Consumed
Expended

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29
Q

Risk factors for obesity

A

-Sedentary lifestyle
-High glycemic diet
-Underlying illness
-Genetic disorder
-Genetic, familial, or biological factors
-Environmental or psychosocial/behavioral factors

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30
Q

SLIDE 19

A
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31
Q

SLIDE 20

A
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32
Q

Clinical manifestations of obesity

A

-Metabolic syndrome
-Type 2 diabetes mellitus
-Liver diseases
-Osteoarthritis
-Sleep apnea
-Atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases
-Stroke
-Asthma
-Cancer
-Menstrual disorders and infertility
-Lymphedema
-Impaired mobility
-Gallbladder disease
-Psychologic disturbances such as irritability, loneliness, depression, binge eating, and tension
-Premature death

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33
Q

SLIDE 22

A
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34
Q

Disease pertaining to the pancreas

A

Diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM, type 2 DM, other types and categories of DM)

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35
Q

German pathologist, physiologist, and biologist who discovered the cells that secrete insulin

A

Dr. Paul Langerhans

36
Q

Islets constitute ______% of pancreas

A

1-2%

37
Q

Beta cells produce and secrete ____________

A

Insulin

38
Q

Insulin regulates ____________

A

Blood glucose

39
Q

Impaired beta-cell function results in ____________

A

Diabetes

40
Q

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by __________ and disruption of the metabolism of ___________

A

Hyperglycemia
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

41
Q

DM is a group of metabolic diseases resulting from defects in the secretion of…

A

Insulin, action of insulin, or both

42
Q

Insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset

A

Type I DM

43
Q

Non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset DM

A

Type II DM

44
Q

DM type in which the body doesn’t make enough insulin

A

Type I

45
Q

DM type in which the body can’t use insulin properly

A

Type II

46
Q

True or false: Both types of DM can develop at any age

A

True

47
Q

True or false: Most cases of Type I DM can be prevented

A

False

(no known way to prevent it)

48
Q

SLIDE 36- don’t worry about HLA and insulin antibodies

A
49
Q

An autoimmune type of diabetes that begins in middle to late adulthood, referred to as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)

A

Type 1.5 DM

50
Q

True or false: With increased obesity, type 1 DM is being diagnosed in younger and younger children

A

False

(Type II)

51
Q

Obesity-dependent diabetes in childhood

A

Diabesity

52
Q

Diabesity is considered an __________ metabolic condition

A

Inflammatory

53
Q

Any degree of glucose intolerance recognized with the onset of pregnancy

A

Gestational DM

54
Q

Gestational DM accompanies approximately ____% of all pregnancies

A

8

55
Q

True or false: Gestational DM is most evident among women who are overweight and sedentary

A

True

56
Q

True or false: Most women who have gestational DM do not return to normal glucose metabolism after pregnancy

A

False

(they do return)

57
Q

Most women who have gestational DM return to normal glucose _____ weeks or more after pregnancy ends

A

6

58
Q

True or false: Type 2 DM occurs more frequently in women with prior gestational DM

A

True

59
Q

SLIDE 40

A
60
Q

Occurs when the body cannot utilize glucose the way it should

A

Prediabetes

61
Q

True or false: In prediabetes, the body cells do not recognize all of the insulin (decreased insulin sensitivity) or the cells stop responding to the action of insulin (increased insulin resistance)

A

True

62
Q

With less glucose moving into the cells, the blood glucose levels start to ______

A

Rise

63
Q

SLIDE 42- KNOW THIS

A
64
Q

A measure of the % of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin and is indicative of a person’s average blood sugar level for the previous 3 months

A

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c or A1c)

65
Q

SLIDE 44

A
66
Q

HbA1c measures..

A

The average blood glucose control for the past 2-3 months

67
Q

True or false: HbA1c gives the patient and health care providers a good idea of how well the diabetes treatment plan is working

A

True

68
Q

According to the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study, a ____% reduction of the A1c level reduces the risk of microvascular complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy by ____% and heart attack by ____% or more

A

1%
25%
14%

69
Q

__________ people have diabetes (give a number)

A

37 million

70
Q

True or false: About 1 in every 10 people have diabetes

A

True

71
Q

True or false: 96 million American adults- more than 1 in 3- have prediabetes

A

True

72
Q

26.4 million people aged 65 years or older (_____%) have prediabetes

A

48

73
Q

_________ and ________ subgroups are at higher risk for diabetes

A

Hispanic
Asian

74
Q

By 2060, the percent prevalence of US adults with diagnosed diabetes is projected to ______ and the number of people nearly ________

A

Double
Triple

75
Q

_____ is caused by cell-medicated autoimmune destruction of β cells of the pancreas and usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency

A

T1D

76
Q

True or false: T1D commonly occurs in childhood and adolescence

A

True

77
Q

Those with T1D need to check ________ frequently

A

Blood glucose

78
Q

True or false: Those with T1D do not receive multiple insulin rejections per day

A

False

(they do)

79
Q

Adult-onset (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes

A

Type 2 Diabetes

80
Q

T2D accounts for ____% of diabetes in the US

A

90-95%

81
Q

True or false: The risk of developing T2D increases with age, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle

A

True

82
Q

Insulin resistance —> ? —–> ?

A

Beta cells stress
Decrease beta cells mass

83
Q

____% eventually become insulin dependent

A

50%

84
Q

Type 1 DM Risk Factors

A

Presence of type 1 diabetes in a first-degree relative

85
Q

Type 2 DM Risk Factors

A

-Positive family history
-Ethnic origin
-Obesity (BMI > 25)
-Increasing age (45 and older)
-Habitual inactivity; sedentary lifestyle
-Previous history of gestational diabetes (GDM) or delivery of babies weighing more than 9 lbs
-Presence of other clinical conditions associated with insulin resistance
-History of vascular disease
-Previously identified impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance
-Hypertension
-HDL cholesterol level <35 mg/dL and/or triglyceride level >250 mg/dL
-Cigarette smoking

Internal Medicine (25 decks)

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