Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Internal Medicine > Week 13- Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Week 13- Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

A one-way regional system responsible for carrying this capillary ultrafiltrate fluid volume and the escaped plasma proteins# back to the blood circulation

A

Lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The lymphatic system is a pressure-driven system based on the principles of ___________

A

Osmotic diuresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of the lymphatic system

A

-Absorb macromolecules (protein and fatty acids)
-Help maintain fluid balance in the tissues
-Fight infection
-Assist in the removal of cellular debris and waste products from the extracellular spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If the normal lymphatic transport mechanisms are disrupted, significant accumulations of water and protein can remain in the tissue spaces, resulting in latent, acute, or chronic ___________

A

Lymphedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false: The challenge for PT with lymphedema is to effectively move fluid and protein back into functioning lymphatics and then into the central circulation

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The laws of basic fluid dynamics says that fluid flows from an area of ___________ pressure to an area of ___________ pressure until equilibrium is reached

A

-High
-Lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Starling’s Law says that fluid at the arterial end of the capillary will tend to flow into the tissue spaces because plasma (blood) hydrostatic pressure is higher at the ____________ end compared with the tissue _____________ of the tissues

A

-Arterial end
-Tissue hydrostatic pressure (THP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Organs involved in the lymphatic system

A

-Superficial and deep lymph vessels and nodes
-Thymus
-Bone marrow
-Spleen
-Tonsils
-Peyer patches of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or false: The superficial lymphatic drainage to regional nodes is very asymmetric, but the deep lymphatic drainage is very symmetric

A

False

(symmetric; asymmetric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Right upper extremity and thoracic lymphotome drain into the _________ lymphatic duct

A

Right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Left upper extremity, left thoracic lymphotome, and both lower extremities, external genital areas, and abdominal lymphotomes drain into the ___________ subclavian vein

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three-fourths of the total flow draining to the __________ subclavian vein

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____________ enhances flow in the trunks and ducts

A

Respiratory effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

____________ rely on an interaction of oncotic and hydrostatic pressures, muscle contraction, arterial pulsation, and gentle movement of the skin to absorb and transport lymph fluid

A

Superficial vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

____________, which generally parallel the venous system, contain smooth muscle and valves and help prevent backflow

A

Deeper vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Initial lymphatics are the ____________ lymphatic vessels; vessel walls are ______ cell thick

A

-Smallest
-One

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Initial lymphatics function as ____________ powered by variations in ___________ caused by movement; muscular contraction; and variations in external pressure caused by stretch, gravity, change in position, and other similar factors

A

-Force pumps
-Total tissue pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Without changes in total tissue pressure, force pumps cannot function, and fluid will accumulate in the interstitium, leading to ___________

A

Edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Each segment of collecting lymphatic vessels between valves

A

Lymphangion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or false: Lymphatic valves prevent backflow and some muscle tissue in their walls to further enhance their pumping action

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Other ways to increase pumping action of lymphatic valves

A

-Extrinsic muscle contraction
-Autonomic stimulation
-Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or false: Collecting lymphatics do form a plexus

A

False

(do not form a plexus, but there can be some connections between them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gradual increase in diameter size of collecting lymphatics

A

Lymph trunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Muscle in the collecting lymphatic walls contracts _____________

A

Rhythmically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

__________ muscle cells around the endothelial cell layer face the __________ of the vessel

A

-Smooth
-Lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The lymph vessel network is innervated by the _______ and contract at rest an average of ___ to ____ times per minute

A

-ANS
-5-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

If many lymphangions contract at once and outflow is obstructed (e.g., by scarred or irradiated lymph nodal areas), pressure inside the vessel can reach ______ mm Hg or more

A

100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sustained high intravascular pressure __________ the muscle wall

A

Fatigues

29
Q

Sustained high intravascular pressure can lead to…

A

-Ineffective smooth muscle contraction
-Vessel failure

30
Q

Lymphatic walls dilate, preventing __________ of valve flaps

A

-Closure

31
Q

Backflow of lymph distal to the site of obstruction causes ___________

A

Lymphedema

32
Q

The _______ lymphatic vessels are embedded in __________ and accompany the chains of lymph nodes along the blood vessels

A

-Deep
-Fatty tissue

33
Q

True or false: Injury to blood vessels in an area also implies injury to lymphatic vessels in that area, regardless of whether it is unexpected or controlled trauma, as in surgery

A

True

34
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

-Act as filters to cleanse the lymph of waste products and cellular debris
-Adjust the fluid concentration
-Produce lymphocytes and macrophages
-Destroy foreign bacteria, harmful viruses, and cancer cells

35
Q

Why are lymph nodes often the sites of obstruction in lymphatic dysfunction?

A

Lymph nodes offer 100 times the normal resistance to flow of lymph within the lymphatic vessels themselves

36
Q

____________ separate territories

A

Watersheds

37
Q

Within a territory, smaller divisions called ____________ designate areas specific to certain of the regional nodes

A

Lymphotomes

38
Q

Drainage can be changed from one lymphotome to another by…

A

Expelling lymph from an overloaded one toward a normal one

39
Q

Trunk quadrants

A

The left and right axillary territories and the right and left inguinal territories

40
Q

Improper treatment of extremity edema without considering the impact of that treatment on the trunk quadrant adjacent to the limb or limbs involved can result in the development of __________, __________, or ___________ edema, when none existed before intervention for the extremity edema

A

-Truncal
-Breast
-Genetical

41
Q

True or false: Palpable lymph nodes do always indicates serious or ongoing disease

A

False

(not always, but this determination requires an evaluation by a physician)

42
Q

Evaluation for identifying suspicious nodes

A

-Changes in size (>2 cm) of lymph nodes
-Immobile lymph nodes
-Firm or hard lymph nodes in one or more areas or the presence of painless enlarged lymph nodes

43
Q

Inflammation of a lymphatic vessel

A

Lymphangitis

44
Q

Inflammation of one or more lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenitis

45
Q

An increased amount of lymph fluid in the soft tissues

A

Lymphedema

46
Q

Enlargement of the lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenopathy

47
Q

Lymph nodes act as __________ and are secondarily involved in virtually all systemic __________ and in many _____________ arising elsewhere in the body

A

-Defense barriers
-Infections
-Neoplastic disorders

48
Q

The specific node, or nodes, affected in an infectious disease depends on…

A

-Location of the infection
Nature of the invading organism
-Severity of the disease

49
Q

A swelling of the soft tissues that results from the accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the extracellular spaces

A

Lymphedema

50
Q

Lymphedema is accompanied by ___________ secondary to ___________ with prolonged swelling

A

-Tissue fibrosis
-Chronic inflammation

51
Q

Lymphedema is caused by…

A

Decreased lymphatic transport capacity and/or excessive lymphatic load

52
Q

Lymphedema is most commonly seen in the ____________ and ___________ extremities

A

-Upper
-Lower

53
Q

Two categories of lymphedema

A

-Primary (idiopathic)
-Secondary (acquired)

54
Q

The stages of lymphedema start from __________ to __________

A

-Stage 0 (latent)
-State III (lymphostatic elephantiasis)

55
Q

Examples of incidence associated with cause

A

-Individuals who undergo lumpectomy receive either axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)or sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and radiation therapy would have higher risk of developing lymphedema
-Inguinal lymph node dissection to treat melanoma
-Prostate cancer after pelvic node dissection
-Gynecologic cancers

56
Q

Etiologic factors of primary lymphedema

A

-Unknown
-Hereditary
-Developmental abnormality
-Aplasia
-Hypoplasia
-Hyperplasia

57
Q

Etiologic factors of secondary lymphedema

A

-Filariasis
-Invasive procedures used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer
-Any trauma or surgery that impairs the lymphatics
-Multiple abdominal surgeries (particularly in obese individuals)
-Bacterial or viral infection
-Repeated pregnancies
-Crush injuries, severe burns, compound fractures, or severe lacerations or degloving injuries to the skin can significantly impair lymph flow

58
Q

The most common cause of secondary lymphedema worldwide

A

Filariasis

59
Q

Parasitic worm, introduced to the body by a mosquito bite in endemic regions

A

Filariasis

60
Q

The most common cause of secondary lymphedema

A

Invasive procedures used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer

61
Q

True or false: Regional lymph node dissection for diagnostic staging and eradication of tumor sites disrupts the lymphatic system

A

True

62
Q

Examples of invasive procedures

A

-Radiation therapy
-Reconstructive
-Other surgical procedures
-Local radiation treatment after surgery for cancer

63
Q

True or false: Surgery is not trauma

A

False

(it is lol)

64
Q

True or false: Secondary lymphedema can develop immediately postoperatively or weeks, months, or years after surgery

A

True

65
Q

Clinical magnifications

A

-A full, heavy, or tight sensation in the affected body part
-Numbness, burning, aching, pain
-Decreased flexibility in the hand, wrist, or ankle
-Difficulty fitting into shoes or clothing in one specific area; or jewelry tightness
-Increased girth and weight of the limbs along with postural changes and limitation in joint motion leads to functional deficits
-Loss of skin integrity (in advanced cases) allows portals of entry for bacteria to invade the skin and cause recurrent infection
-Significant edema of the head and neck can cause severe functional impairments in speech, swallowing, and respiration, in addition to the pain and psychologic trauma from cosmetic disfigurement
-These physical impairments can lead to functional limitations and disability along with the potential for psychosocial morbidity (e.g., social isolation, depression, or suicide)

66
Q

True or false: Infections elsewhere in the body do not lead to lymphadenopathy

A

False

(they do lol)

67
Q

Lymph nodes are enlarged, tender warm, and reddened

A

Acute lymphadenitis

68
Q

Results in scarred lymph nodes with fibrous connective tissue replacement

A

Chronic lymphadenitis

69
Q

Acute inflammation of the subcutaneous lymphatic channels
usually occurs as a result of _____________ or ____________ entering a wound

A

-Streptococci
-Staphylococci

Internal Medicine (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions