Week 9-Effects of stress on growth

Question 1

____ prolonged stress during childhoold can lead to ____ growth

Answer 1

severe; stunted

Question 2

Severe chronic stress during childhood causes…
1. Reduced release of ____ ____ ____ ____ (GHRH) from the hypothalamus
2. Increased release of ____ ____ ____ ____ (GHIH)
3. Reduce sensitivity to ____ hormone
4. Fail to absorb nutrients

Answer 2

1. Growth hormone releasing hormone
2. Growth hormone inhibiting hormong
3. growth

Question 3

What was the significance of the Michael Meany rat licking study?

Answer 3

Amount of licking and touching during early postnatal development effects stress reacticity in adulthood through methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene promotor

Question 4

In the Michael Meany rat licking study, pups with good mothering ended up losing ____ in the promotor region of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, making ____ glucocorticoid receptor being deposited to the ____ – becomes more sensitive to stress, therefore a more sensitive ____ (abb.) axis and ____ onset of stopping stress responses.

Answer 4

methylation; more; hippocampus; HPA; faster

Question 5

2 epigenetic mechanisms through which the environment can impact offspring development:

Answer 5

1. Adult behavior –> offspring development through epigenetic marks
2. Epigenetic marks on sperm or eggs

Question 6

__ __ and __ __ __ are two hormones that work synergistically together in both sexes

Answer 6

LH; FSH

Question 7

GnRH from ____ and LH from ____ ____ are released more frequently in follicular stage (day 1-13, 90min each pulse and increase toward ovulation) than in luteal stage (day 14-28, 2h-4h each pulse)

Answer 7

hypothalamus; pituitary gland

Question 8

____ (abb.) from hypothalamus and ____ (abb.) from pituitary gland are released more frequently in follicular stage (day 1-13, 90min each pulse and increase toward ovulation) than in luteal stage (day 14-28, 2h-4h each pulse)

Answer 8

GnRH; LH

Question 9

Stress causes the hypothalamus to release less ____ (GnRH) which is shut off because of increased ____ released into the hypothalamus

Answer 9

LHRH; endorphins

Question 10

Stress causes ____ nervous system to be active, which may interfere with ____ nervous system that is responsible for rest&digest, while also needed for sexual behavior

Answer 10

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Question 11

Stress causes reduced sex libido via reduced ____ or ____ levels, and miscarriage due to reduced blood flow to the uterus

Answer 11

testosterone; estrogen