week 3-functional neuroanatomy Flashcards
How do you determine the function of a specific region of the brain through lesion?
Subjects with lesions in those regions may have extraordinary behavioral impairments
How do you determine the function of a specific region of the brain through stimulation?
Brain regions can be stimulated electrically to see how the subject behaves, what they see/how they react.
How do you determine the function of a specific region of the brain through imaging?
Measure activation of the region while the subject is performing a specific task
functions of the frontal lobe
- executive functions
- thinking, planning, organizing and provlem solving
- emotions and behavioral control
-personality
functions of the motor cortex
movement
functions of the sensory cortex
sensations
functions of the temporal lobe
- memory
- understanding
- language
- facial recognition
functions of the parietal lobe
- perception
- making sense of the world
- arithmetic
- spelling
functions of the occipital lobe
vision
functions of the cerebellum
coordination
For the sensory regions, the ____ cortex processes visual imaging, ____ cortex is responsible for bodily sensations (such as pain, pressure, and touch), and the ____ ____ processes smell
visual; somatosensory; olfactory bulb
The ____ area is responsible for undersatnding language, the ____ area produces language, and the actual muscular movement involved in producing language is executed by the ____ ____
Wernicke’s; Broca’s; Motor cortex
Patients with ____ aphasia can produce language but can’t comprehend it; patients with ____ aphasia can comprehend language but can’t produce it
Wrenicke’s; Broca’s
The ____ ____ is involved in contracting muscles, learning movements and patterns of complex muscular patterns
motor cortex
The ____ is responsible for motor coordination and procedural learning
cerebellum
The ____ ____ can be divided into 2 subcategories: the ____ striatum (also called the nucleus ____) and ____ striatum (also called ____-____)
basal ganglia; ventral; accumbens; dorsal; caudate-putamen
The ____ striatum is responsible for rewards, and the ____ striatum is responsible for voluntary movement
ventral; dorsal
The degeneration of movement in Parkinson’s disease can be attributed to…
degeneration of dopamine neurons that project to the dorsal striatum, making it difficult to voluntarily control movement
The dorsal striatum has dopamine terminals that project from ____ ____
substantia nigra
The ventral striatum has dopamine terminals that project from ____ ____ ____
ventral tegmental area
The motor regions of the brain includes ____ ____, ____, ____ ____ (can be divided into ____ ____ and ____-____)
(use the scientific names of striatums!)
motor cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen
The limbic system is composed of the ____ ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____
Frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus
The ____ cortex is responsible for attention, arousal, personality, and behavioral inhibition
frontal
The ____ cortex can be further divided into three areas: ____ ____ ____, ____ cortex, and the ____ cortex. (Hint: the first of these three areas can cause problems when interpreting fMRI results.)
frontal; anterior cinculate cortex; prefrontal; orbitofrontal
The three subareas of the frontal cortex (____ ____ cortex, ____ cortex, and the ____ cortex) are all involved in the function of ____
anterior cinculate; prefrontal; orbitofrontal; arousal
The ____ is responsible for learning, memory, stress management, and emotional motivation
hippocampus
The hippocampus can be divided into two areas: The ____ ____ that forms new memory, and ____-____ ____ involved in learning
dentate gyrus; CA1-CA3 fields
The ____ is responsible for fear and emotional salience. Lesion in this area can cause lack of fear and less emotional arousal.
Amygdala
The limbic system is composed of the ____ ____, ____, ____, ____, and the ____
frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus
Fearful stimulus that gets to the ____ can be shunt directly to the ____ and then to the ____ cortex. This allows animals to avoid a fearful stimuli without having the brain to comprehend the meaning of it, while being able to react with consideration.
thalamus; amygdalal; visual
The ____ is where the dopamine neurons cell bodies reside. There are two major areas: ____ ____ that affects voluntary control of movement, and ____ ____ ____, the dopamine reward region.
midbrain; substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area
The ____ is a part of limbic system taht is responsible for autonomic functions
Hypothalamus
The ____ is a part of limbic system taht is responsible for sensory and motor integration, and it is where all sensory input are first received.
thalamus
The ____ ____ is a part of hypothalamus that controls reproduction functions/hormones
preoptic area
The ____ ____ ____ (PVN) is a part of hypothalamus that controls stress response. It can be stopped with regulation from the ____
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; hippocampus
The ____ ____ is a part of hypothalamus that regulates feeding activities
arcuate nucleus
The ____ ____ is a part of hypothalamus that controls sleep wake cycles and the circadian rhythm. Lesion of this area can fuck up your sleep.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
The hypothalamus is composed of 4 areas: ____ area (reproduction), ____ ____ ____ (PVN; stress), ____ ____ (feeding), and the ____ ____ (circadian rhythm)
preoptic; paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; arcuate nucleus; suprachiasmatic nucleus
The ____ is where the dopamine neurons cell bodies reside. They project to the forebrain, nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum.
Midbrain
2 components of the midbrain include the ____ ____ and the ____ ____ ____
Substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area
The ____ ____ is a part of the midbrain responsible for voluntary control of movement. It also has neurons that project to ____ ____ (____-____)
Substantia nigra; dorsal striatum; caudate-putamen
The ____ ____ ____ is the dopamine reward region of the midbrain. It also has neurons that project to ____ ____ (____ ____) and forms the natural reward circuit
Ventral tegmental area; ventral striatum; nuclues accumbens
Parkinson’s disease results in degeneration of the ____ ____ –> ____ ____ pathway which controls voluntary control of movement
Substantia nigra –> dorsal striatum
The hindbrain nuclei is composed of ____ ____ and ____ ____
Dorsal raphe; locus coeruleus
The ____ ____ is a part of the hindbrain nuclei where serotonin neuron cell bodies reside.
Dorsal raphe
The ____ ____ is where norepinephrine neuron cell bodies reside.
Locus coeruleus
