Week 2-Cells of the neuvous system Flashcards
____ contact other cells through synapses, and action potential travel along ____ to make that contact
Neurons; axons
____ produce the myelin sheeth
Oligodendrocyte
____ contact blood vessels, and is the basis of the so called ____ ____ ____ (BBB)
Astrocytes; Blood Brain Barrier
____ came from the blood that enters the brain at embryonic development, and serves as the immune cells of the immune-priveliged brain (and other kinds of stuff too)
microglia
____ ____ lines the ventricles, and allow fluids in ____ ____ to enter the brain and the other way around during ____
ependymal cells; spinal fluids; sleep
____ receive signals from other neurons which can cause or wind down action potential
Dendrites
When an action potential threshold is met, it prompts a release of ____ in the synapse
neurotransmitters / vesicles
____ is not an empty space, but a bond that is fortified by lots of proteins
synapse
The ____ ____ is where action potentials originate
axon hillock
____ ____ is the site of excitatory synapse
dendritic spines
Neurons can be classified using their ____ and polarity, the ____ or chemicals they contain or release, and on their ____ or where they project to
shape; neurotransmitters; location
____ neurons are the most common neuron type, which has multiple processes extending from the soma
multipolar
____ neurons are the most common neuron type in invertebrates, and it is responsible for ____, ____ and ____
unipolar; pain; touch; pressure
____ neurons connect sensory system to the spinal cord/brain
bipolar
____ cells are a special type of multipolar cells
Pyramidal
Non-neuronal cells of the nervous system (____, ____, ____, ____) can be collectively called ____, and there is also ____ ____ in the brain that can differentiate into other cell types
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells; glia; stem cells
Glial cells make up about ____% of the cells in the nervous system. They cannot generate or transmit ____ ____, and are responsible for ____ the neurons and ____ brain tissue.
50%; nerve signals; supporting; surrounding
Because ____ cells orchestrate the signaling events of all neurons, changing their connection can potentially alter a large number of neurons in a given area.
Glial
Neurons cannot proliferate by cell division, but they can be differentiated from ____ ____
stem cells
____ provide glucose and removes waste from the neurons. They also regulate chemical environment around synapses. (Essentially an authoritarian mom)
Astrocytes
____ can release chemicals near neurons and synapses that affect function of neurons
Astrocytes
____ wrap extentions of their cell membranes around sections of the axon to form ____ ____, which speed up transmission of nerve impulses
oligodendrocytes; myelin sheeth
____ remove pathogens and cell debris from the brain. They are also responsible for ____ ____: when learning new things, synapse gets trimmed/enjineered elsewhere.
microglia; synaptic remodeling
What are the two states of microglia?
resting (surveying) and activated (inflamed)
____ ____ secrete cerebrospinal fluid that carries nutrients and chemical signals in and out of the brain to collect chemicals and waste
ependymal cells
____ ____ make new neurons and glia (exceot ____), and they can have asymmetric and symmetric division.
Stem cells; microglia
____ ____ is the first region of the brain that receives sensory information all together
Dentate gyrus
The ____ ____ is where most new formed neurons go to to replace used ones
Granular layer
Stems cells in the ____ ____ (subventricular zone) develop into neurons and migrate to the ____ bulb
lateral ventricles; olfactory
The ____ (subgranular zone) is responsible for forming new memories
Hippocampus
____ can increase the amount of neurogenesis
exercise
