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Bio 181 > Week #9 > Flashcards

Week #9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

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2
Q

Who defined species?

A

John Ray

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3
Q

Who is the “father of taxonomy” and came up with the system for naming species called binomial nomenclature?

A

Carl Linnaeus

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4
Q

What is a species name composed of and how is it written?

A

Genus + species, Genus is capitalized, everything is italicized

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5
Q

T/F - High taxonomic names are capitalized and italicized? ex. Canidae, Reptilia

A

False, they are Capitalized but not italicized

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6
Q

What are the Taxonomic categories (+ mnemonic)?

A

Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Life, Domain, KP COFs Green Stuff

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7
Q

What is the Human Taxonomy?

A

Life, Domain (Eukarya), Kingdom (Animalia), Phylum (Chordata), Class (Mammalia), Order (Primates), Family (Hominidae), Genus (Homo), Species (Homo sapiens)

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8
Q

What is a Taxon?

A

Group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class

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9
Q

What is Taxa?

A

Plural for taxon; ideally monophyletic (A common ancestor and all of its descend

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10
Q

What is a phylogeny?

A

Evolutionary history and relationship of organism or group of organisms

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11
Q

Organisms are group based on…?

A

Shared characteristics (synapomorphies)

ex. Fossil records, Morphology, Physiology, Behavior, Embryological development, DNA/RNA sequences

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12
Q

What is used to analyze data?

A

Statistics

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13
Q

What is the difference between Anagenesis and Cladogenesis?

A

Anagenesis is when a species evolves without split. Whereas, Cladogenesis, a species evolves into different groups and with splits.

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14
Q

What is Cladistics?

A

Reconstructs phylogenetic trees by considering various evolutionary pathways.

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15
Q

What is a Clade?

A

Group of evolutionary ancestors & descendants of a Common Ancestor

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16
Q

What are sister clades?

A

Share an immediate CA; each other’s closest relatives

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17
Q

What’s a cladogram?

A

Diagram showing similarities and evolutionary relationships (ER) among organisms

18
Q

Make sure to know sister groups, taxons (species), ingroups, outgroups, and common ancestors on a cladogram.

A

Look at example and label or draw one

19
Q

What’s a phylogenetic tree?

A

Cladogram with a few added bells & whistles; Branches on PT can be proportional to amount of change or evolutionary time

20
Q

Chimpanzees are most closely related to…?

A

HUMANS!!

21
Q

Make sure to know branch, node, root, and species on a phylogenetic tree.

A

Look at example and label or draw one

22
Q

Phylogenetic trees are based on…?

A

Homology (traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor)

23
Q

What is an ancestral trait?

A

([sym]plesiomorphy) – In ancestor of group; may be retained or changed in descendants

24
Q

What is a derived trait?

A

([syn]apomorphy) – Differs from ancestral form; evolutionary novelty

25
Q

What is an example of convergent evolution?

A

Flying squirrels and Sugar gliders

26
Q

Is hair an ancestral or derived trait for humans?

A

Ancestral

27
Q

Is hair an ancestral or derived trait for mammals?

A

Derived

28
Q

Are lungs an ancestral or derived trait for humans?

A

Ancestral

29
Q

Are lungs an ancestral or derived trait for amphibians/reptiles?

A

Derived

30
Q

What are analogous characters?

A

Similar due to functional or ecological constraints / pressures
Similar in appearance due to evolutionary convergence
ex. bird wing and insect wing

31
Q

What are homologous characters?

A

Similar due to evolutionary origin (same ancestral source)
ex. human arm, cat leg, whale fin, bat wing

32
Q

T/F - Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are based on homoplasies?

A

FALSE

33
Q

What are homoplasies?

A

Features shared between species that were NOT inherited from a common ancestor; usually due to similar selection pressures / environment

34
Q

T/F - Homoplasies and Homologous traits are the same thing?

A

FALSE, think of homoplasies like analogous traits and homologous as homologous

35
Q

Bones are homologous or homoplasies?

A

Homologous

36
Q

Wings are homologous or homoplasies?

A

Homoplasies (convergent evolution)

37
Q

On a table what do “0”s and “1”s stand for?

A

“0” stands for ancestral character, “1” stands for derived character

38
Q

T/F - Tree that requires fewest number of evolutionary changes favored

A

True, remember principle of parsimony (simplest explanation)

39
Q

What is Autapomorphy?

A

a distinctive feature unique to a single taxon

40
Q

What is monophyletic?

A

A group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants (clades)

ex. Mammals (Humans, Dogs, Whales, Bats, etc.)

41
Q

What is paraphyletic?

A

A group that includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendants

ex. reptiles (turtles, lizards, etc.) (excludes birds which are related to crocs)

42
Q

What is polyphyletic?

A

A group of descendants but not their common ancestor

ex. birds & bats

Bio 181 (15 decks)

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