Week #9

Question 1

What are the three domains of life?

Answer 1

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

Question 2

Who defined species?

Answer 2

John Ray

Question 3

Who is the “father of taxonomy” and came up with the system for naming species called binomial nomenclature?

Answer 3

Carl Linnaeus

Question 4

What is a species name composed of and how is it written?

Answer 4

Genus + species, Genus is capitalized, everything is italicized

Question 5

T/F - High taxonomic names are capitalized and italicized? ex. Canidae, Reptilia

Answer 5

False, they are Capitalized but not italicized

Question 6

What are the Taxonomic categories (+ mnemonic)?

Answer 6

Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Life, Domain, KP COFs Green Stuff

Question 7

What is the Human Taxonomy?

Answer 7

Life, Domain (Eukarya), Kingdom (Animalia), Phylum (Chordata), Class (Mammalia), Order (Primates), Family (Hominidae), Genus (Homo), Species (Homo sapiens)

Question 8

What is a Taxon?

Answer 8

Group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class

Question 9

What is Taxa?

Answer 9

Plural for taxon; ideally monophyletic (A common ancestor and all of its descend

Question 10

What is a phylogeny?

Answer 10

Evolutionary history and relationship of organism or group of organisms

Question 11

Organisms are group based on…?

Answer 11

Shared characteristics (synapomorphies)

ex. Fossil records, Morphology, Physiology, Behavior, Embryological development, DNA/RNA sequences

Question 12

What is used to analyze data?

Answer 12

Statistics

Question 13

What is the difference between Anagenesis and Cladogenesis?

Answer 13

Anagenesis is when a species evolves without split. Whereas, Cladogenesis, a species evolves into different groups and with splits.

Question 14

What is Cladistics?

Answer 14

Reconstructs phylogenetic trees by considering various evolutionary pathways.

Question 15

What is a Clade?

Answer 15

Group of evolutionary ancestors & descendants of a Common Ancestor

Question 16

What are sister clades?

Answer 16

Share an immediate CA; each other’s closest relatives

Question 17

What’s a cladogram?

Answer 17

Diagram showing similarities and evolutionary relationships (ER) among organisms

Question 18

Make sure to know sister groups, taxons (species), ingroups, outgroups, and common ancestors on a cladogram.

Answer 18

Look at example and label or draw one

Question 19

What’s a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 19

Cladogram with a few added bells & whistles; Branches on PT can be proportional to amount of change or evolutionary time

Question 20

Chimpanzees are most closely related to…?

Answer 20

HUMANS!!

Question 21

Make sure to know branch, node, root, and species on a phylogenetic tree.

Answer 21

Look at example and label or draw one

Question 22

Phylogenetic trees are based on…?

Answer 22

Homology (traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor)

Question 23

What is an ancestral trait?

Answer 23

([sym]plesiomorphy) – In ancestor of group; may be retained or changed in descendants

Question 24

What is a derived trait?

Answer 24

([syn]apomorphy) – Differs from ancestral form; evolutionary novelty

Question 25

What is an example of convergent evolution?

Answer 25

Flying squirrels and Sugar gliders

Question 26

Is hair an ancestral or derived trait for humans?

Answer 26

Ancestral

Question 27

Is hair an ancestral or derived trait for mammals?

Answer 27

Derived

Question 28

Are lungs an ancestral or derived trait for humans?

Answer 28

Ancestral

Question 29

Are lungs an ancestral or derived trait for amphibians/reptiles?

Answer 29

Derived

Question 30

What are analogous characters?

Answer 30

Similar due to functional or ecological constraints / pressures Similar in appearance due to evolutionary convergence ex. bird wing and insect wing

Question 31

What are homologous characters?

Answer 31

Similar due to evolutionary origin (same ancestral source) ex. human arm, cat leg, whale fin, bat wing

Question 32

T/F - Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are based on homoplasies?

Answer 32

FALSE

Question 33

What are homoplasies?

Answer 33

Features shared between species that were NOT inherited from a common ancestor; usually due to similar selection pressures / environment

Question 34

T/F - Homoplasies and Homologous traits are the same thing?

Answer 34

FALSE, think of homoplasies like analogous traits and homologous as homologous

Question 35

Bones are homologous or homoplasies?

Answer 35

Homologous

Question 36

Wings are homologous or homoplasies?

Answer 36

Homoplasies (convergent evolution)

Question 37

On a table what do "0"s and "1"s stand for?

Answer 37

"0" stands for ancestral character, "1" stands for derived character

Question 38

T/F - Tree that requires fewest number of evolutionary changes favored

Answer 38

True, remember principle of parsimony (simplest explanation)

Question 39

What is Autapomorphy?

Answer 39

a distinctive feature unique to a single taxon

Question 40

What is monophyletic?

Answer 40

A group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants (clades) ex. Mammals (Humans, Dogs, Whales, Bats, etc.)

Question 41

What is paraphyletic?

Answer 41

A group that includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendants ex. reptiles (turtles, lizards, etc.) (excludes birds which are related to crocs)

Question 42

What is polyphyletic?

Answer 42

A group of descendants but not their common ancestor ex. birds & bats