Week #9 Flashcards
What are the three domains of life?
Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea
Who defined species?
John Ray
Who is the “father of taxonomy” and came up with the system for naming species called binomial nomenclature?
Carl Linnaeus
What is a species name composed of and how is it written?
Genus + species, Genus is capitalized, everything is italicized
T/F - High taxonomic names are capitalized and italicized? ex. Canidae, Reptilia
False, they are Capitalized but not italicized
What are the Taxonomic categories (+ mnemonic)?
Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Life, Domain, KP COFs Green Stuff
What is the Human Taxonomy?
Life, Domain (Eukarya), Kingdom (Animalia), Phylum (Chordata), Class (Mammalia), Order (Primates), Family (Hominidae), Genus (Homo), Species (Homo sapiens)
What is a Taxon?
Group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class
What is Taxa?
Plural for taxon; ideally monophyletic (A common ancestor and all of its descend
What is a phylogeny?
Evolutionary history and relationship of organism or group of organisms
Organisms are group based on…?
Shared characteristics (synapomorphies)
ex. Fossil records, Morphology, Physiology, Behavior, Embryological development, DNA/RNA sequences
What is used to analyze data?
Statistics
What is the difference between Anagenesis and Cladogenesis?
Anagenesis is when a species evolves without split. Whereas, Cladogenesis, a species evolves into different groups and with splits.
What is Cladistics?
Reconstructs phylogenetic trees by considering various evolutionary pathways.
What is a Clade?
Group of evolutionary ancestors & descendants of a Common Ancestor
What are sister clades?
Share an immediate CA; each other’s closest relatives
What’s a cladogram?
Diagram showing similarities and evolutionary relationships (ER) among organisms
Make sure to know sister groups, taxons (species), ingroups, outgroups, and common ancestors on a cladogram.
Look at example and label or draw one
What’s a phylogenetic tree?
Cladogram with a few added bells & whistles; Branches on PT can be proportional to amount of change or evolutionary time
Chimpanzees are most closely related to…?
HUMANS!!
Make sure to know branch, node, root, and species on a phylogenetic tree.
Look at example and label or draw one
Phylogenetic trees are based on…?
Homology (traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor)
What is an ancestral trait?
([sym]plesiomorphy) – In ancestor of group; may be retained or changed in descendants
What is a derived trait?
([syn]apomorphy) – Differs from ancestral form; evolutionary novelty
What is an example of convergent evolution?
Flying squirrels and Sugar gliders
Is hair an ancestral or derived trait for humans?
Ancestral
Is hair an ancestral or derived trait for mammals?
Derived
Are lungs an ancestral or derived trait for humans?
Ancestral
Are lungs an ancestral or derived trait for amphibians/reptiles?
Derived
What are analogous characters?
Similar due to functional or ecological constraints / pressures
Similar in appearance due to evolutionary convergence
ex. bird wing and insect wing
What are homologous characters?
Similar due to evolutionary origin (same ancestral source)
ex. human arm, cat leg, whale fin, bat wing
T/F - Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are based on homoplasies?
FALSE
What are homoplasies?
Features shared between species that were NOT inherited from a common ancestor; usually due to similar selection pressures / environment
T/F - Homoplasies and Homologous traits are the same thing?
FALSE, think of homoplasies like analogous traits and homologous as homologous
Bones are homologous or homoplasies?
Homologous
Wings are homologous or homoplasies?
Homoplasies (convergent evolution)
On a table what do “0”s and “1”s stand for?
“0” stands for ancestral character, “1” stands for derived character
T/F - Tree that requires fewest number of evolutionary changes favored
True, remember principle of parsimony (simplest explanation)
What is Autapomorphy?
a distinctive feature unique to a single taxon
What is monophyletic?
A group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants (clades)
ex. Mammals (Humans, Dogs, Whales, Bats, etc.)
What is paraphyletic?
A group that includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendants
ex. reptiles (turtles, lizards, etc.) (excludes birds which are related to crocs)
What is polyphyletic?
A group of descendants but not their common ancestor
ex. birds & bats
