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Bio 181 > Week #2 > Flashcards

Week #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Humans and monkeys share a common _______?

A

Ancestor

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2
Q

What are some misconceptions of evolution?

A

Evolution is “just” a theory, Individuals evolve, Evolution explains the origin of life, Organisms evolved on purpose

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3
Q

What is evolution?

A

Process of change in a population of species over time

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4
Q

What are the two types of evolution?

A

Macroevolution and Microevolution

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5
Q

What is Macroevolution?

A

rise of new species (from old) and higher taxonomic groups with widely divergent characters (speciation)

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6
Q

What is Microevolution?

A

Change within a population ; Changes in heritable characteristics / allele / gene frequency over time; Can be observed over short periods of time

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7
Q

What are mechanisms of evolution?

A

Forces that change the genetic structure of a population

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8
Q

What are the 6 mechanisms of evolution?

A

Mutation; Natural selection; Gene flow (migration); Genetic drift (random); Recombination; Non-Random Mating; (“MaNaGGeRR”)

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9
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A rare change in DNA; Ultimate source or new alleles and genetic variation

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10
Q

T/F - All mutations are bad?

A

False

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11
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype / traits

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12
Q

Natural Selection acts on the ____?

A

Individual

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13
Q

Evolution acts on the ____?

A

Population

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14
Q

T/F - Natural selection and artificial selection are the same?

A

False

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15
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Raw material for selection

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16
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes; Can occur when an individual travels from one geographic location to another.

17
Q

T/F - Genetic drift is intentional?

A

False, it is random

18
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

allele frequencies within a population change randomly

19
Q

T/F - Genetic drift increases genetic variation in small populations?

A

False, it reduces genetic variation in small populations

20
Q

T/F - Genetic drift results in advantages to an existing population’s alleles?

A

False, there is no advantage considered since it is random

21
Q

What are the two methods of genetic drift?

A

Population bottleneck and Founder’s effect

22
Q

What is population bottleneck?

A

A chance event or catastrophe that can reduce the genetic variability within a population

Ex. Natural disaster

23
Q

What is the Founder’s effect?

A

An allele frequency change in an isolated part of the population, which is not typical of the original population; Genetic makeup not representative of larger population left behind

24
Q

What is recombination?

A

Combination of genetic material from two different gametes (crossing over and independent assortment); occurs from parents mating

25
Q

What is non-random mating?

A

The probability that two individuals in a population will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals; Preference for mates

26
Q

What are the 5 types of selection?

A

Directional selection; Stabilizing; Disruptive; Intersexual; Intrasexual

27
Q

What traits does sexual selection favor?

A

Traits that enhance reproductive success

28
Q

What is directional selection?

A

A type of natural selection that causes a population to evolve toward one end of a trait spectrum

29
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

A type of natural selection that favors individuals with average or moderate phenotypes

30
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

A type of natural selection where both extremes of a trait are favored over moderate trait

31
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

A type of natural selection where one sex chooses a mate from the opposite sex, based on their attraction to certain traits

32
Q

What is intrasexual selection?

A

A type of natural selection that describes the competition between members of the same sex for access to mates

33
Q

What is oscillating selection?

A

A type of natural selection where one phenotype is favored and then another is favored later depending on changing environmental conditions

Bio 181 (5 decks)

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