Week #14

Question 1

What are suspension/filter feeders?

Answer 1

Capture and ingestion of food particles that are suspended in water

ex. Baleen whale, oysters, clams, sponges, Cnidaria

Question 2

What are substrate feeders (animals)?

Answer 2

Live in food source and eat as they burrow

ex. Deposit feeders - eat their way through dirt, picking up decayed organic material (earthworms)

Question 3

What are fluid feeders?

Answer 3

Suck nutrient-rich fluids

• From a host = parasites (mosquitos, aphids)
• From flowers = pollinators (bees, wasps, hummingbirds)

Other ex. Vampire bats and flies

Question 4

What are bulk feeders?

Answer 4

Eat large pieces of food using adaptations, such as, claws, teeth, pinchers, fangs, etc.

ex. Scorpions and snakes (boa constrictor, etc.)

Question 5

What are substrate feeders (fungi)?

Answer 5

Live in food source; soil, rotting log, bread, living tissue, etc.

Question 6

What is absorptive feeding?

Answer 6

Absorb nutrients

Question 7

What is extracellular digestion?

Answer 7

Have to digest food before absorbing it

• Secrete enzymes like animals
• Store surplus nutrients like animals
• Mycorrhizae “fungus roots”

Question 8

What is the xylem?

Answer 8

Water and nutrients from roots to different parts of plant “WXYZ”

Question 9

What is phloem?

Answer 9

Organic compounds from photosynthesis sites to other parts of plant “Food flows”

Question 10

T/F - The xylem is located more interior than the phloem in vascular tissue

Answer 10

True

Question 11

How does sucrose transport?

Answer 11

From source cells into companion cells –> then into sieve-tube elements –> this reduces water, causes water to enter phloem from the xylem

Question 12

What is translocation?

Answer 12

Resulting positive pressure forces sucrose-water mixture down towards roots

Question 13

What is transpiration?

Answer 13

Causes water to return to leaves via xylem

Question 14

Draw the sucrose transport chain

Answer 14

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Question 15

What are leaves covered with that prevents water loss?

Answer 15

Waxy cuticle

Question 16

What is caused by the evaporation of water at the leaf-atmosphere interface?

Answer 16

Transpiration and evaporative cooling

Question 17

What can evaporative cooling do?

Answer 17

• Can lower leaf temperature by ~10-15 °C/~50-59°F (prevents denaturing of proteins)
• Causes xylem sap to rise against gravity (without a mechanical pump)

Question 18

What is stomata?

Answer 18

Openings on leaf bottom that allow plants to take up CO2 and release water vapor and oxygen; opening/closing of stomata primarily allow xylem sap to rise alongside evaporative cooling

Question 19

What are guard cells?

Answer 19

Found mainly in leaf epidermis; regulate carbon dioxide uptake and loss of water from plant; Complex is the stoma (stomata: plural)

Question 20

What is Cohesion-Tension Theory?

Answer 20

• Plants expend NO energy on bulk flow (higher concentration to low)
• Sun’s energy indirectly powers transpiration
• Water is cohesive due to hydrogen bonding
• Tension exerted on water by evaporation at plant’s surface pulls a continuous stream of water from the soil

Question 21

What is adhesion?

Answer 21

Water sticks to surfaces/walls

Question 22

What is the percent of water taken up by roots and used for growth and metabolism?

Answer 22

Less than 3%

Question 23

How much water is lost to transpiration and guttation?

Answer 23

97-99.5%

Question 24

What is guttation?

Answer 24

Exudation of drops of xylem sap on tips/edges of leaves of some vascular plants (grasses, some fungi)

Question 25

What is dew?

Answer 25

Condenses from atmosphere onto plant surface

Question 26

Draw the plant transport diagram

Answer 26

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