Week #14 Flashcards
What are suspension/filter feeders?
Capture and ingestion of food particles that are suspended in water
ex. Baleen whale, oysters, clams, sponges, Cnidaria
What are substrate feeders (animals)?
Live in food source and eat as they burrow
ex. Deposit feeders - eat their way through dirt, picking up decayed organic material (earthworms)
What are fluid feeders?
Suck nutrient-rich fluids
- From a host = parasites (mosquitos, aphids)
- From flowers = pollinators (bees, wasps, hummingbirds)
Other ex. Vampire bats and flies
What are bulk feeders?
Eat large pieces of food using adaptations, such as, claws, teeth, pinchers, fangs, etc.
ex. Scorpions and snakes (boa constrictor, etc.)
What are substrate feeders (fungi)?
Live in food source; soil, rotting log, bread, living tissue, etc.
What is absorptive feeding?
Absorb nutrients
What is extracellular digestion?
Have to digest food before absorbing it
- Secrete enzymes like animals
- Store surplus nutrients like animals
- Mycorrhizae “fungus roots”
What is the xylem?
Water and nutrients from roots to different parts of plant “WXYZ”
What is phloem?
Organic compounds from photosynthesis sites to other parts of plant “Food flows”
T/F - The xylem is located more interior than the phloem in vascular tissue
True
How does sucrose transport?
From source cells into companion cells –> then into sieve-tube elements –> this reduces water, causes water to enter phloem from the xylem
What is translocation?
Resulting positive pressure forces sucrose-water mixture down towards roots
What is transpiration?
Causes water to return to leaves via xylem
Draw the sucrose transport chain
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What are leaves covered with that prevents water loss?
Waxy cuticle
What is caused by the evaporation of water at the leaf-atmosphere interface?
Transpiration and evaporative cooling
What can evaporative cooling do?
- Can lower leaf temperature by ~10-15 °C/~50-59°F (prevents denaturing of proteins)
- Causes xylem sap to rise against gravity (without a mechanical pump)
What is stomata?
Openings on leaf bottom that allow plants to take up CO2 and release water vapor and oxygen; opening/closing of stomata primarily allow xylem sap to rise alongside evaporative cooling
What are guard cells?
Found mainly in leaf epidermis; regulate carbon dioxide uptake and loss of water from plant; Complex is the stoma (stomata: plural)
What is Cohesion-Tension Theory?
- Plants expend NO energy on bulk flow (higher concentration to low)
- Sun’s energy indirectly powers transpiration
- Water is cohesive due to hydrogen bonding
- Tension exerted on water by evaporation at plant’s surface pulls a continuous stream of water from the soil
What is adhesion?
Water sticks to surfaces/walls
What is the percent of water taken up by roots and used for growth and metabolism?
Less than 3%
How much water is lost to transpiration and guttation?
97-99.5%
What is guttation?
Exudation of drops of xylem sap on tips/edges of leaves of some vascular plants (grasses, some fungi)
