Week #4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who suggested the Biological Species Concept (BSC)?

A

Ernst Mayr

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2
Q

What is the Biological Species Concept (BSC)?

A

groups of interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups produce viable offspring

Ex. wholphin

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3
Q

What are some criticisms of the Biological Species Concept?

A

Difficult to apply concept to pops. that are geographically separated; Many species hybridize in captivity; Many organisms are asexual; Fossils?

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4
Q

What are the 4 main species concepts?

A

Biological, Ecological, Phylogenetic, Evolutionary

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5
Q

What is Ecological Species Concept?

A

A group of organisms adapted to a specific set of resources, or niche, in their environment

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6
Q

What is Phylogenetic Species Concept?

A

A “tip” on phylogeny; smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other such sets

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7
Q

What is Evolutionary Species Concept?

A

A single image of ancestor-dependent populations that maintains its own identity from other lineages

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8
Q

What is a subspecies?

A

A biological classification that ranks below species; designates a population of a particular geographic region genetically distinguishable from other such populations of the same species

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9
Q

What are the 5 types of prezygotic reproductive isolation?

A

Temporal Isolation, Habitat/Ecological Isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Mechanical Isolation, Gametic Barrier

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10
Q

What is Temporal Isolation?

A

Species have different breeding schedules

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11
Q

What is Habitat/Ecological Isolation?

A

Members of species move or are otherwise separated

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12
Q

What is Behavioral Isolation?

A

Certain actions or behaviors impacts reproduction

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13
Q

What is Mechanical Isolation?

A

Their reproductive structures simply do not fit together

Ex. bees, pollen, and flowers

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14
Q

What is Gametic Barrier?

A

Differences in their gamete cells (eggs and sperm) prevent fertilization

Ex. sperm and egg are not capable of fertilization

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of postzygotic reproductive isolation?

A

Hybrid Inviability and Hybrid Sterility

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16
Q

What is Hybrid Inviability?

A

An embryo is produced, but cannot survive development

17
Q

What is Hybrid Sterility?

A

Different species can produce a viable offspring, but that offspring cannot reproduce

Ex. Mules

18
Q

What is speciation?

A

Formation of two species from one original species

19
Q

What are the two ways speciation occurs?

A

Anagenesis and Cladogenesis

20
Q

What is anagenesis?

A

When population of entire species changes on genetic level WITHOUT a split; ancestral population goes extinct

A.K.A. - phyletic evolution, evolution, gradualism

21
Q

What is cladogenesis?

A

Species splits into two genetically-distinct populations adapted to different ecosystems &/or survival strategies; both species may survive

22
Q

What are the types of speciation occurs?

A

Allopatric and Sympatric

23
Q

What is Allopatric speciation?

A

Involves geographic isolation

Think: different lakes, different fish, same species

Ex. elephants

24
Q

What is Sympatric speciation?

A

Occurs in the same geographical area; Reproductive Isolation

Think: same lake, different fish, same species

25
Q

What is gradualism?

A

Changes in species is slow and gradual, occurring in small periodic changes

26
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change with long periods of non-change; stabilizing and oscillating selection responsible for stasis

27
Q

What is Adaptive Radiation?

A

A clade (group of related species) that has evolved into numerous, diverse forms