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Bio 181 > Week #13 > Flashcards

Week #13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and Chemical

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2
Q

What is Mechanical Digestion?

A

Mastication: Mouth
Peristalsis: Esophagus
Maceration: Stomach
Segmentation: Small intestine

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3
Q

What is Chemical Digestion?

A

Enzymatic activity: Salivary amylase (Carbohydrates, starts in mouth)

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4
Q

What happens during swallowing?

A

Saliva:
- Helps prevent mouth from drying-out / lubricates mouth (oral cavity)
- Helps prevent cavities
- 1st line of defense against disease-causing microorganisms entering mouth
- Coats food
- With tongue, helps form bolus

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5
Q

Describe what happens with the muscles of stomach and what they are?

A

Longitudinal, Oblique, Circular; churn predigested food; about 1- 2 hours; mixes food with gastric juices creating chyme

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6
Q

What chemicals help digest in the stomach?

A
  • HCL (Hydrochloric acid): activates pepsinogen into pepsin
  • Pepsinogen: inactive form of pepsin
  • Pepsin: active form of enzyme, breaks protein down into polypeptides (amino acids)
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7
Q

How much does the stomach absorb?

A

~10% absorption (caffeine, aspirin, tiny amount of water “if dehydrated”), 10% - 20% of alcohol

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8
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Stomach to the small intestine (duodenum); controls the flow of chyme, from the stomach into the small intestine

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9
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

~20 feet long

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10
Q

How much FOOD absorption does the small intestine?

A

90%

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11
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum (DJ Eye “I”)

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12
Q

What does the duodenum do?

A

Protein digestion; Fat breakdown - bile salts emulsify fat globule into tiny droplets, which increases surface area on which pancreatic lipase digest fatty acids (lipids) and glycerol

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13
Q

How much absorption does the jejunum do?

A

90%

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14
Q

How much absorption does the ileum do?

A

90%

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15
Q

What is the key absorption structure?

A

Microvilli (Brush border) !!

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16
Q

How long is the large intestine/colon?

A

~5 feet long (1.5 m)

17
Q

How much WATER does the large intestine absorb?

A

90%

18
Q

How much water is needed for digestion?

A

~1.8 gallons or ~7 liters

19
Q

What is the ascending colon?

A

Cecum (“Dead end pouch” bacteria); Appendix (Vestigial organ but Duke says bacterial garden especially important w/ diarrhea)

20
Q

What is the transverse colon?

A

Goes across

21
Q

What is the descending colon?

A

Rectum
- ~4.7 inches to anal canal
- Defecation (removing waste material)
- Fecal matter/Feces/Stool (undigested material, 60% bacteria, mucus, cellulose “bulk flow”)
- Constipation (fecal impact)
- Diarrhea (loss of water/irritate intestinal lining leading to bacterial infection)

22
Q

Where does digestion of carbohydrates start?

A

Starts in mouth w/ salivary amylase

23
Q

Where does digestion of proteins to amino acids occur?

A

Starts in stomach w/ pepsin

24
Q

Where does digestion of lipids start?

A

Small intestines w/ pancreatic lipase, bile salts (duodenum)

25
Q

What does fiber help with?

A

Bulk flow

ex. Veggies, fruits, oats, wheat, corn, rice, and beans

26
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

Movement of food particles through the digestive tract

27
Q

What is the order of processing for nutrients?

A

Carbs –> Proteins –> Lipids

28
Q

How long does it take food to move through the stomach and small intestines?

A

6 - 8 hours

29
Q

How long does food remain in the large intestine?

A

1 - 2 days

30
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

Disorder characterized by the gradual replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue, leading to impaired liver function; liver does not function due to long-term damage

31
Q

What is Cirrhosis most commonly caused by?

A

Alcohol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C

32
Q

What is the primary cause of Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Insulin resistance resulting from lifestyle factors and obesity

Bio 181 (15 decks)

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