Week #12

Question 1

What is a closed circulatory system?

Answer 1

Requires vessels to contain fluids that circulate around organism

ex. mammals (humans)

Question 2

What is an open circulatory system?

Answer 2

Does not require vessels to contain fluids that circulate around organism

ex. mosquitos and grasshoppers

Question 3

What are the three steps of gas exchange?

Answer 3

Ventilation, Circulation, and Respiration

Question 4

What is the overview of the circulatory system?

Answer 4

• Transport of nutrients, removal of wastes
• Exchange of gases (O2 & CO2)

Question 5

What are the 7 functions of the vertebrae circulatory system?

Answer 5

• Transport O2 from lungs to tissues; CO2 from tissues to lungs
• Distribute nutrients from digestive system to body’s cells
• Transport waste and toxic substances to liver, where many are detoxified, and to kidneys for excretion
• Distribute hormones from organs to tissues on which they act
• Regulate body temperature, achieved partly by adjustments in blood flow
• Prevent blood loss with clotting mechanism
• Protect body from bacteria and viruses by circulating antibodies and white blood cells

Question 6

What is blood?

Answer 6

Type of connective tissue composed of fluid matrix called plasma and formed elements

Question 7

What is plasma?

Answer 7

Water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, etc.

55%

Question 8

What is buffy coat?

Answer 8

White blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets

5%

Question 9

What is hematocrit?

Answer 9

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

45%

Question 10

What is the normal blood composition for females and males?

Answer 10

Females: 37% - 47% hematocrit
Males: 42% - 52% hematocrit

Question 11

Blood is composed primarily of WHAT?

Answer 11

PLASMA!

Question 12

What is the order of arteries from large to small?

Answer 12

Aorta –> Arteries –> Arterioles

Question 13

What is the order of veins from large to small?

Answer 13

Inferior/Superior Vena Cava –> Veins –> Venules

Question 14

What are some characteristics of arteries?

Answer 14

(Oxygenated blood away from heart)

Thickly coated walls, circular, high pressure

Question 15

What are some characteristics of veins?

Answer 15

(Deoxygenated blood to heart)

Thin walls, oblong

Question 16

What are valves?

Answer 16

Prevent backflow (open/close), blood flow caused by muscle contraction

Question 17

T/F - In the calf muscle example, when the calf is relaxed valves are open?

Answer 17

False, they are closed. They are open when the muscle contracts.

Question 18

What is the venous pump?

Answer 18

Helps return blood to heart; Skeletal muscle contractions and one-way venous valves

Question 19

What is the overview of blood flow/circulation?

Answer 19

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava –> Right Atrium –> Tricuspid Valve –> Right Ventricle –> Pulmonary Valve –> Pulmonary Artery –> Lungs –> Pulmonary Vein –> Left Atrium –> Mitral/Bicuspid Valve –> Left Ventricle –> Aortic Valve –> Aorta –> Rest of Body –> Repeats, Back to Vena Cava

Question 20

What are the two pairs of valves?

Answer 20

Atrioventricular (AV) and Semilunar valves

Question 21

What are Atrioventricular (AV) valves?

Answer 21

Maintain unidirectional blood flow between atria & ventricles; Tricuspid = On right; Bicuspid / mitral = Left

Question 22

What are Semilunar (half-moon) valves?

Answer 22

Ensure one-way flow out of ventricles to arterial systems; Pulmonary valve at exit of RV; Aortic valve at exit of LV

Question 23

How long does the cardiac cycle take?

Answer 23

0.8 Seconds

Question 24

What is blood pressure?

Answer 24

Valves open and close, force of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries
Ventricles relaxed and filling (diastole, denominator)
Ventricles contracted and pumping (systole, numerator)
Normal ~ 120/80

Question 25

What is the sound your heart makes when heard with a stethoscope?

Answer 25

“Lub-dub”
Lub – AV valves closing
Dub – Semilunar valves closing

Question 26

What is the heart’s conduction system?

Answer 26

Heart contains “self-excitable” autorhythmic fibers

Question 27

What is the most important node of the heart’s conduction system?

Answer 27

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 28

What is the Sinoatrial (SA) node?

Answer 28

“Pacemaker”; Right atrium wall; Autonomic nervous system can modulate rate

Question 29

Where does the heart’s conduction system impulse end?

Answer 29

Heart Apex (pointed tip of heart)

Question 30

Where is each SA depolarization transmitted?

Answer 30

To left atrium and to right atrium and atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 31

What is the AV node?

Answer 31

Only pathway for conduction to ventricles; Electrical pulse spreads through atrioventricular bundle

Question 32

What are Purkinje fibers?

Answer 32

Directly stimulate the myocardial cells of both ventricles to contract

Question 33

What is the conduction pathway of the heart?

Answer 33

Sinoatrial node & Bachmann’s bundle –> Atrioventricular node –> His Bundle –> Left/Right Bundles –> Purkinje Fibers –> Ventricles Contract

Question 34

What is an electrocardiogram?

Answer 34

(ECG / EKG) Records electrical activity

Question 35

Draw a typical ECG with labels

Answer 35

Rate Yourself

Question 36

What is the P Wave?

Answer 36

First peak (P) produced by depolarization (contraction) of atria (atrial systole); Depolarization/Contraction of Atrium

Question 37

What is the QRS Wave?

Answer 37

Second, larger peak (QRS) produced by ventricular depolarization (contraction) (ventricular systole); Depolarization/Contraction of Ventricle

Question 38

What is the T Wave?

Answer 38

Last peak (T) produced by repolarization of ventricles (ventricular diastole) (relaxation); Repolarization/ Relaxation of Ventricles