week 9

Question 1

Four Indicators of Health Worldwide

Answer 1

• Infant mortality
• life expectancy
• obisity
• subjective well-being

Question 2

life expectancy

Answer 2

Wealth/resources affect average
across and within countries
(ethnic majority > ethnic minority)

Question 3

Infant Mortality

Answer 3

Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births

Differences attributed to resources (good nutrition, health care, and treatment)
Disparities among ethnic groups

Question 4

Obesity

Answer 4

body-mass index (BMI) >25 = overweight
BMI > 30 = obese

Question 5

Subjective Well-Being

Answer 5

Perception of health and well-being
Higher SWB = better health
Healthier lifestyle

Question 6

onderzoek Triandis et al over individualism vs collectivism en heart disesase

Answer 6

The most individualistic group, European-Americans, had the highest rate of heart attack.

The least individualistic group, trappist monks, had the lowest rate of heart attack

Question 7

View of health in western countries
2 verschillende

Answer 7

Biomedical model: Views disease as resulting from a specific, identifiable cause, a genetic or developmental abnormality, or physical insult

Biopsychosocial model: Views disease as resulting from biological, social, and
psychological factors

Question 8

Alameda County study:

Answer 8

• People who had fewer contacts had a higher death rate (N=7.000, 9-year period).
• Ethnic groups often have lower access or less affluence than the mainstream group.
• Perceived discrimination is associated with high blood pressure, higher cardiovascular disease. It is also related to negative pregnancy outcomes. People also have been found to biologically age
  faster when they experience high levels of discrimination.

Question 9

Body weight standards and dissatisfaction linked to SES:

Answer 9

Heavier figures are preferred in lower SES countries
Thinner bodies are preferred in higher SES countrie

Question 10

Immigrant paradox:

Answer 10

Immigrants doing better on many health
measures despite the hardships
Researchers attribute this to healthy behaviors, social support, and immigrant
selectivity

Question 11

Matsumoto & Fletcher:
Sociocultural influences on physical health

Answer 11

• The less traditional Japanese were the higher the incidences were of coronary heart disease.
  This could be deviated as stress and the more you deviate from a specific context into which youare fitting

Question 12

Modernization theory/ hypothesis

Answer 12

as society becomes more intelligent / wealthier, it should become more individualistic and analytical.

Question 13

Rice theory

Answer 13

The rice theory is the idea that historical rice farming shaped southern China into a very different culture from the wheat-farming north. Bij rijst oogsten moet je meer samenwerken omdat t langer duurt en met water enzo. dus in het zuiden en oosten zijn ze meer interdependent

Question 14

Climatic demand theory

Answer 14

From harsh to mild = best (and vice versa)

Question 15

Climatic fit perspective

Answer 15

Higher deviation = worse outcomes

Question 16

The behavioral framework

Answer 16

(you’re responsible for your own behavior)
o Individual focus: responsibility, self-efficacy, etc.
o Immigrant/Latino paradox (immigrants do better on many health measures despite the hardships that they experience)
–> Researchers attribute this to healthy behaviors, social support and immigrant
selectivity.
o Little recognition of structural factors (neighborhood, labor hierarchies, etc.) that limit choice.
o Acculturation literature should include structural factors

Question 17

The cultural framework

Answer 17

(the groups the person is a part of)
o Group traits, beliefs, values, practices, traditions, ethnicity or national origin
–> Majority group members often perceive that minority group members have culture, and they don’t have culture, because they are surrounded by their culture.
o Group differences shape individual behavior.
o Majority ethnocentrism, minority resilience (immigrant paradox)
o Stereotyping, essentialism, assuming homogeneity
–> For example, when you think of the US in the exceptionally large group of Latino immigrants, then you should not think about them as one group. They could be from Cuba, Mexico or somewhere else in South America, so there are a lot of differences within these groups

Question 18

The structural framework

Answer 18

(we overestimate individual choice and need to know more about the context)
o Access to healthcare
o Immigration status, living and working conditions (violation of labor rights)
o Focus: income, education and policies

Question 19

What tool do clinicians use to assess an individual’s experience within their specific social and cultural context?

Answer 19

Cultural Formation Interview (CFI)

Question 20

What are Barriers
and Obstacles?

Answer 20

-Language Barriers
-Stigma and mistrust
-Beliefs about health and illness
-Social validity
-Lack of mental health services