week 9 Flashcards
Four Indicators of Health Worldwide
- Infant mortality
- life expectancy
- obisity
- subjective well-being
life expectancy
Wealth/resources affect average
across and within countries
(ethnic majority > ethnic minority)
Infant Mortality
Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births
Differences attributed to resources (good nutrition, health care, and treatment)
Disparities among ethnic groups
Obesity
body-mass index (BMI) >25 = overweight
BMI > 30 = obese
Subjective Well-Being
Perception of health and well-being
Higher SWB = better health
Healthier lifestyle
onderzoek Triandis et al over individualism vs collectivism en heart disesase
The most individualistic group, European-Americans, had the highest rate of heart attack.
The least individualistic group, trappist monks, had the lowest rate of heart attack
View of health in western countries
2 verschillende
Biomedical model: Views disease as resulting from a specific, identifiable cause, a genetic or developmental abnormality, or physical insult
Biopsychosocial model: Views disease as resulting from biological, social, and
psychological factors
Alameda County study:
- People who had fewer contacts had a higher death rate (N=7.000, 9-year period).
- Ethnic groups often have lower access or less affluence than the mainstream group.
- Perceived discrimination is associated with high blood pressure, higher cardiovascular disease. It is also related to negative pregnancy outcomes. People also have been found to biologically age
faster when they experience high levels of discrimination.
Body weight standards and dissatisfaction linked to SES:
Heavier figures are preferred in lower SES countries
Thinner bodies are preferred in higher SES countrie
Immigrant paradox:
Immigrants doing better on many health
measures despite the hardships
Researchers attribute this to healthy behaviors, social support, and immigrant
selectivity
Matsumoto & Fletcher:
Sociocultural influences on physical health
- The less traditional Japanese were the higher the incidences were of coronary heart disease.
This could be deviated as stress and the more you deviate from a specific context into which youare fitting
Modernization theory/ hypothesis
as society becomes more intelligent / wealthier, it should become more individualistic and analytical.
Rice theory
The rice theory is the idea that historical rice farming shaped southern China into a very different culture from the wheat-farming north. Bij rijst oogsten moet je meer samenwerken omdat t langer duurt en met water enzo. dus in het zuiden en oosten zijn ze meer interdependent
Climatic demand theory
From harsh to mild = best (and vice versa)
Climatic fit perspective
Higher deviation = worse outcomes
The behavioral framework
(you’re responsible for your own behavior)
o Individual focus: responsibility, self-efficacy, etc.
o Immigrant/Latino paradox (immigrants do better on many health measures despite the hardships that they experience)
–> Researchers attribute this to healthy behaviors, social support and immigrant
selectivity.
o Little recognition of structural factors (neighborhood, labor hierarchies, etc.) that limit choice.
o Acculturation literature should include structural factors
The cultural framework
(the groups the person is a part of)
o Group traits, beliefs, values, practices, traditions, ethnicity or national origin
–> Majority group members often perceive that minority group members have culture, and they don’t have culture, because they are surrounded by their culture.
o Group differences shape individual behavior.
o Majority ethnocentrism, minority resilience (immigrant paradox)
o Stereotyping, essentialism, assuming homogeneity
–> For example, when you think of the US in the exceptionally large group of Latino immigrants, then you should not think about them as one group. They could be from Cuba, Mexico or somewhere else in South America, so there are a lot of differences within these groups
The structural framework
(we overestimate individual choice and need to know more about the context)
o Access to healthcare
o Immigration status, living and working conditions (violation of labor rights)
o Focus: income, education and policies
What tool do clinicians use to assess an individual’s experience within their specific social and cultural context?
Cultural Formation Interview (CFI)
What are Barriers
and Obstacles?
-Language Barriers
-Stigma and mistrust
-Beliefs about health and illness
-Social validity
-Lack of mental health services
