module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Possible explanations for optical Illusions
* Carpentered world:

A

Suggests that people in urbanized, industrialized societies are used to seeing things that are rectangular in shape
* Unconsciously expect objects to have squared corners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Possible explanations for optical Illusions
* Front-horizontal foreshortening

A
  • Interpretation of vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into a distance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Analytic cognition

A

Western cognitive style
* Analytic
* Logical
* Focused on cause–effect
linkages among specific key
variables or objects
* Deterministic and precise

Context-independent and analytic perceptual processes that focuses on
salient objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Holistic cognition

A

East Asian cognitive style
* Holistic
* Focused on systems
interrelationships, mutual
interdependence
* Multiplicity of explanations

Context-dependent: Attending to the relationship between the object and
the context in which it is located

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

experiment foto met die vissen, japaners en amerikanen. wat ze zaken van de achtergrond

A
  • japanners en amerikanen waren even goed met het herinneren van de centrale objecten
  • japanners waren veel beter in het herinneren van de achtergrond objecten
  • als er geen achtergrond was dan waren ze t zelfde erin
  • als er een andere achtergrond was waren de japanners slechter in herinneren dan eerst

–> de japanners zijn dus meer achtergrond gebonden omdat hun aandacht meer gefocust was op de achtergrond en niet alleen op de voorgrond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

A tendency to explain the
behaviors of others using internal
attributions but to explain one’s
own behaviors using external
attributions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

East and West differences in attributional styles

A
  • Social explanations among
    Americans and Hindu Indians
  • American respondents: general
    dispositions (e.g., “She is very
    irresponsible”).
  • The Hindu Indians: duties, social
    roles, and other situation-specific factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Serial-position effect

A

=people tend to remember something better if it is either the first or the last
item in a list

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gender stratification

A

gender differences are related to cultural variations in opportunity
structures for girls and women; Women>verbal fluency, writing, perceptual speed;
Men>visual-spatial and mathematical problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The Flynn effect

A

=IQ scores increase across generations; result of better education, stimulating
environment, nutrition); Reversed Flynn effect since 1990s in North/West Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Everyday cognition

A

an area of study that examines cognitive skills and abilities that are used in
everyday functioning (that develop without formal education)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dialectal thinking

A

=tendency to accept what seem to be contradictions in thought or beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Positive logical determinism

A

=tendency to see contradictions as mutually exclusive categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Race and intelligence

A
  • Men are more intelligent than women.
  • Claim that average IQ in Africa is 70 (based on 50 country study)
    –> Samples are not representative, measures are questionable.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Approaches to intelligence:

A
  1. Unidimensional (* One general intelligence factor Spearman s Q)
  2. Multidimensional (analytical, creative, emotional, sexual, social e.g., Sternberg)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Claude Steele and collegues –> onderzoek over mean performance on a difficult verbal test as a function of race and test characterization.

A

er bestaat een stereotype dat zwarte studenten minder slim zijn dan witte. Als vantevoren verteld werd dat het een ‘diagnose’ toets was, scoorden de zwarte studenten slechter dan de witte. Als vantevoren verteld werd dat het een niet-diagnose toets was, deden ze het even goed.