module 7 Flashcards
Possible explanations for optical Illusions
* Carpentered world:
Suggests that people in urbanized, industrialized societies are used to seeing things that are rectangular in shape
* Unconsciously expect objects to have squared corners
Possible explanations for optical Illusions
* Front-horizontal foreshortening
- Interpretation of vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into a distance
Analytic cognition
Western cognitive style
* Analytic
* Logical
* Focused on cause–effect
linkages among specific key
variables or objects
* Deterministic and precise
Context-independent and analytic perceptual processes that focuses on
salient objects
Holistic cognition
East Asian cognitive style
* Holistic
* Focused on systems
interrelationships, mutual
interdependence
* Multiplicity of explanations
Context-dependent: Attending to the relationship between the object and
the context in which it is located
experiment foto met die vissen, japaners en amerikanen. wat ze zaken van de achtergrond
- japanners en amerikanen waren even goed met het herinneren van de centrale objecten
- japanners waren veel beter in het herinneren van de achtergrond objecten
- als er geen achtergrond was dan waren ze t zelfde erin
- als er een andere achtergrond was waren de japanners slechter in herinneren dan eerst
–> de japanners zijn dus meer achtergrond gebonden omdat hun aandacht meer gefocust was op de achtergrond en niet alleen op de voorgrond.
Fundamental attribution error
A tendency to explain the
behaviors of others using internal
attributions but to explain one’s
own behaviors using external
attributions.
East and West differences in attributional styles
- Social explanations among
Americans and Hindu Indians - American respondents: general
dispositions (e.g., “She is very
irresponsible”). - The Hindu Indians: duties, social
roles, and other situation-specific factors
Serial-position effect
=people tend to remember something better if it is either the first or the last
item in a list
Gender stratification
gender differences are related to cultural variations in opportunity
structures for girls and women; Women>verbal fluency, writing, perceptual speed;
Men>visual-spatial and mathematical problem solving
The Flynn effect
=IQ scores increase across generations; result of better education, stimulating
environment, nutrition); Reversed Flynn effect since 1990s in North/West Europe
Everyday cognition
an area of study that examines cognitive skills and abilities that are used in
everyday functioning (that develop without formal education)
Dialectal thinking
=tendency to accept what seem to be contradictions in thought or beliefs
Positive logical determinism
=tendency to see contradictions as mutually exclusive categories
Race and intelligence
- Men are more intelligent than women.
- Claim that average IQ in Africa is 70 (based on 50 country study)
–> Samples are not representative, measures are questionable.
Approaches to intelligence:
- Unidimensional (* One general intelligence factor Spearman s Q)
- Multidimensional (analytical, creative, emotional, sexual, social e.g., Sternberg)