module 7 Flashcards
Possible explanations for optical Illusions
* Carpentered world:
Suggests that people in urbanized, industrialized societies are used to seeing things that are rectangular in shape
* Unconsciously expect objects to have squared corners
Possible explanations for optical Illusions
* Front-horizontal foreshortening
- Interpretation of vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into a distance
Analytic cognition
Western cognitive style
* Analytic
* Logical
* Focused on cause–effect
linkages among specific key
variables or objects
* Deterministic and precise
Context-independent and analytic perceptual processes that focuses on
salient objects
Holistic cognition
East Asian cognitive style
* Holistic
* Focused on systems
interrelationships, mutual
interdependence
* Multiplicity of explanations
Context-dependent: Attending to the relationship between the object and
the context in which it is located
experiment foto met die vissen, japaners en amerikanen. wat ze zaken van de achtergrond
- japanners en amerikanen waren even goed met het herinneren van de centrale objecten
- japanners waren veel beter in het herinneren van de achtergrond objecten
- als er geen achtergrond was dan waren ze t zelfde erin
- als er een andere achtergrond was waren de japanners slechter in herinneren dan eerst
–> de japanners zijn dus meer achtergrond gebonden omdat hun aandacht meer gefocust was op de achtergrond en niet alleen op de voorgrond.
Fundamental attribution error
A tendency to explain the
behaviors of others using internal
attributions but to explain one’s
own behaviors using external
attributions.
East and West differences in attributional styles
- Social explanations among
Americans and Hindu Indians - American respondents: general
dispositions (e.g., “She is very
irresponsible”). - The Hindu Indians: duties, social
roles, and other situation-specific factors
Serial-position effect
=people tend to remember something better if it is either the first or the last
item in a list
Gender stratification
gender differences are related to cultural variations in opportunity
structures for girls and women; Women>verbal fluency, writing, perceptual speed;
Men>visual-spatial and mathematical problem solving
The Flynn effect
=IQ scores increase across generations; result of better education, stimulating
environment, nutrition); Reversed Flynn effect since 1990s in North/West Europe
Everyday cognition
an area of study that examines cognitive skills and abilities that are used in
everyday functioning (that develop without formal education)
Dialectal thinking
=tendency to accept what seem to be contradictions in thought or beliefs
Positive logical determinism
=tendency to see contradictions as mutually exclusive categories
Race and intelligence
- Men are more intelligent than women.
- Claim that average IQ in Africa is 70 (based on 50 country study)
–> Samples are not representative, measures are questionable.
Approaches to intelligence:
- Unidimensional (* One general intelligence factor Spearman s Q)
- Multidimensional (analytical, creative, emotional, sexual, social e.g., Sternberg)
Claude Steele and collegues –> onderzoek over mean performance on a difficult verbal test as a function of race and test characterization.
er bestaat een stereotype dat zwarte studenten minder slim zijn dan witte. Als vantevoren verteld werd dat het een ‘diagnose’ toets was, scoorden de zwarte studenten slechter dan de witte. Als vantevoren verteld werd dat het een niet-diagnose toets was, deden ze het even goed.
