week 4

Question 1

Acculturation

Answer 1

• Acculturation comprehends those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either of both groups.
• Acculturation changes that an individual experiences as a result of contact with one or more other cultures and of the participation in the ensuing process of change that one’s cultural or
  ethnic group is undergoing.

Question 2

Acculturating groups.
Who is in an acculturation setting?

Answer 2

• Mobility (sedentary vs. migrant – temporary)
• Voluntariness of contact (voluntary or involuntary)

EXAMPLES:
Sedentary & voluntary: Friesland in the Netherlands

Sedentary & involuntary: Native American Indians -> European settlers

Migrant & voluntary: Immigrants (permanent), Sojourners (international students – temporary)

Migrant & involuntary: Asylum seekers (temporary), refugees (permanent)

Question 3

One dimensional conceptualization of acculturation

Answer 3

cultural maintenance
cultural adoption

Question 4

Cultural maintenance

Answer 4

Maintaining characteristics of own (heritage) culture

Question 5

Cultural adoption

Answer 5

Adopting characteristics of the culture of the (host) society of settlement

Question 6

The bidimensional conceptualization of acculturation

Answer 6

integration (behoud die van jezelf en neemt ook cultuur van nieuwe aan)

speration (behoud die van jezelf en neemt NIET de cultuur van nieuwe aan)

assimilation (doet je eigen cultuur weg en neemt cultuur van nieuwe aan)

marginalization (doet je eigen cultuur weg en neem NIET de cultuur van de nieuwe aan)

Question 7

Berry’s bidimensional model

Answer 7

involves two dimensions:
involvement with the heritage culture and involvement with the
dominant, mainstream culture (integration, separation,
assimilation, marginalization)

Question 8

acculturation orrientations berry (tabel)

Answer 8

integration. seperation.
assimilation. marginalisation.

Question 9

Acculturation: Domain Specificity

Answer 9

superordinate level (public & private), ordinate level (more specific life domain), subordinate level (specific situations)

Question 10

one and Two Statement Method
One Statement

Answer 10

EXAMPLE
I find it important to have:
1. Only Dutch friends
2. More Dutch friends than
German friends
3. As many German as Dutch
friends
4. …

Question 11

One and Two Statement Method: two statements

Answer 11

A two-statement method can give you more details than a one statement method

EXAMPLE
I find it important to have
German friends. [1-5]
I find it important to have Dutch
friends. [1-5

Question 12

four statement method

Answer 12

Four statements also include marginalization. People can compare themselves to the profiles and inform the researcher about how much they fit in with this specific profile.
A problem: We do not know to which part of the item people are responding, because there are two parts, that makes this a double-barreled item. A lot of ‘and’ statements. If you only like one and not the other, then you already have a problem.

EXAMPLE
It is not important for me to have Dutch Caribbean friends, and it is also not important for me to have Dutch friends
1 2 3 4 5

It is important for me to have Dutch Caribbean friends, and it is also important for me to have Dutch friends
1 2 3 4 5

It is important for me to have Dutch Caribbean friends, but it is not important for me to have Dutch friends
1 2 3 4 5

It is important for me to have Dutch friends, but it is not important for me to have Dutch Caribbean friends
1 2 3 4 5

Question 13

vignette method

Answer 13

A brief description is
given of a person who displays a certain acculturation orientation. Participants indicate level of agreement.

EXAMPLE:
Bilge Erker came five years ago to the Netherlands. When she came here, she quickly realized that it was easier for her to find Turkish friends than to find Dutch friends. She finds it now more important to maintain good relations with other Turkish persons in the Netherlands than to establish relationships with Dutch persons. Indicate to what extent you
agree with Bilge’s views.
1. Agree completely
2. Agree fairly
3. Do not agree, do not disagree
4. Disagree fairly
5. Disagree completely

Question 14

multiculturalism

Answer 14

Acknowledge and value group membership and diversity

Question 15

Colorblindness

Answer 15

Downplay differences.
Emphasize individuals.
Equal treatment individually.

Question 16

Assimilationism

Answer 16

Majority as the norm.
Minority adopts to the majority

Question 17

equal treatment leads to..
not equal treatment leads to..

Answer 17

equal treatment leads to: Hihger school engagement and motivation. Better Performance

not equal treatment leads to: Lower school engagement. Worse performance

Question 18

Types of Return Migration

Answer 18

Return of failure (difficulties w/ adjustment)
Return of conservatism (separation, then return)
Return of retirement
Return of innovation (agents of change)

Question 19

Immigrant paradox

Answer 19

immigrants tend to show better physical
health compared to non-immigrants and further negative health outcomes; possible explanations: healthy behaviors, social support, immigrant selectivity

Question 20

State integration policies: Pluralism

Answer 20

immigrant adopts the public values, the state has no mandate in regulating the private values

Question 21

State integration policies: Civic ideology

Answer 21

same as pluralism, but no state fund can be granted for the maintenance or promotion of the private values of particular groups

Question 22

State integration policies: Assimilation ideology

Answer 22

immigrants adopt public values, expectation to adopt their own cultural
and linguistic distinctiveness, voluntarily/imposed assimilation (France)

Question 23

State integration policies: Ethnist ideology

Answer 23

immigrants adopt public values, voluntarily/imposed assimilation, expectation that immigrants reject their own ethnocultural identity, no expectation to assimilate because no
intention of ever accepting immigrants

Question 24

Return migration:

Answer 24

failure, conservatism, retirement, innovation

Question 25

Remote acculturation

Answer 25

modern form of non-migrant acculturation via globalization

Question 26

Remote enculturation

Answer 26

learning your heritage from a distance when you do not live in that country

Question 27

Plural societies (definition, two views)

Answer 27

• Definition: different cultural groups residing together within a shared social and political framework.
  Many people still think of their society as uni cultural.
• Two views:
  1. Melting pot – minorities adapt to the mainstream.
  2. Salad bowl – ethnocultural groups retain their identity.
  Not mushed together, you can still see everything on its own.

Question 28

There are different types of return migration:

Answer 28

1. return of failure
2. return of conservatism
3. return of retirement
4. return of innovation

Question 29

There are different types of return migration: Return of failure

Answer 29

People having great difficulties adjusting to the destination context where they are going. They did not achieve what they set out to do. Problem for their social reputation.

Question 30

There are different types of return migration: Return of conservatism

Answer 30

People go abroad, to earn money for example, for a certain period. Once they have met their objectives, they will return eventually. Financial goals & return.

Question 31

There are different types of return migration: Return of retirement

Answer 31

When people reach their retirement age, want to spend their old age in the home country

Question 32

There are different types of return migration: Return of innovation

Answer 32

This is a different type of returning. This is typically carried out by people in the second or third generation. Highly skilled/qualified immigrants. They think their economic opportunities might
be better if they would return.

Question 33

Remote Enculturation:

Answer 33

Learning your heritage culture from a distance when you do not or no longer live in that country. It’s a modern form of cultural transmission considering high rates of global migration.