week 3 Flashcards
Socialization
the proces by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of the society we live in.
Enculturation
The proces by which we learn and adapt the ways and manners of our specific culture
socialization agents
the people, institutions and organisations that help ensure that socialization and enculturation occur.
Enculturation and Socialization
Universal:
Humans want to be competent, productive adults and members of their group
Enculturation and Socialization
Culture-specific:
… what it means to be competent and productive.
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory
microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem
chronosystem
Independence:
Pursuing own goals, uniqueness
Interdependence
(maintenance of) social harmony, respect towards elders, obedience
Autonomous related
mixture of interdependence and independence
Prototypic eco-social
contexts (Keller, 2007)
(independence, interdependence, autonomous-related)
Independence: urban middle-class in modern (post-) industrialized societies
Interdependence: rural farmers with no/low formal schooling
Autonomous-related: urban
middle-class in more traditionally
interdependent societies
Independent parenting
strategy (Keller, 2007) (4)
- Face-to-face-contact and Object stimulation
- Less body contact and body stimulation
- Exclusivity of mother-child dyad
- Baby as equal with individuality, own will and own preferences
Interdependent parenting strategy
(Keller, 2007) (4)
- More body contact and body stimulation
- Less face-to-face-contact and object stimulation
- Tight social network
- Child as apprentice
General Parenting Styles (Baumrind) (4)
AUTHORITARIAN PARENTING
Expects unquestioned obedience and views the child as needing to be controlled
(high control/low warmth)
PERMISSIVE PARENTING
Allows children to regulate own lives with few firm guidelines
(low control/high warmth)
AUTHORIATIVE PARENTING
Promotes a firm, fair, reasonable and affectionate parenting style (high control/high warmth)
UNINVOLVED/NEGLECTFUL PARENTING
Does not respond appropriately to children and is indifferent
(low control/low warmth)
Developmental niche
the broader macrosystem structures the child’s immediate microsystems;
it includes: physical & social setting, child care, psychology of caregivers
temperament
Biologically based style of interacting and responding to the environment that
exists from birth
temperament: easy
Adaptable, mild, regular, positive, responsive
Temperament: slow-to-warm-up
Infant needs time to make transitions
temperament: difficult
intens, irregular, withdrawing, negative
Goodness of fit
Degree to which a child’s temperament matches the expectations and values of the parent, environment, and culture
Mismatch - Negative child outcomes
Good match - Better child outcomes
Attachment
Special bond that develops between the infant and the primary caregiver
Provides the infant with emotional security
Quality of attachment has lifelong effects on the relationships with loved ones
Bowlby’s evolutionary theory
Infants have a preprogrammed, biological basis for becoming attached to their caregivers
Attachment relationship between caregiver and child is a survival strategy
Bowlby and Ainsworth’s
Tripartite Classification
Three categories:
Secure
Ambivalent
Avoidant
Instrument: Strange Situation Test
Piaget’s Stage Model:
Sensorimotor > Pre-operational > Operational > Postoperational
Stage Models and Culture: Kohlberg
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional
