Week 2

Question 1

Priming studies

Answer 1

involve experimentally manipulating the mindsets of participants and measuring resulting changes in behavior.

Question 2

Behavioral studies

Answer 2

involve manipulations of environments and observation of changes in behavior.

Question 3

TYPES OF STUDIES

Answer 3

1. Validation studies
2. Indigenous cultural studies
3. Cross-cultural comparisons

Question 4

validation studies

Answer 4

examine whether a scale, test developed in a culture is valid in another culture

Question 5

Indigenous cultural studies

Answer 5

in depth analyses of theoretical models within a single culture

Question 6

cross-cultural comparisons

Answer 6

involve participants from two or more cultures, measured on some psychological variable of interest

Question 7

TYPES OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS:

Answer 7

a) Exploratory vs hypothesis testing
b) Presence vs absence of contextual factors (=any variable that can explain partly or fully observed cross-cultural differences; e.g. characteristics of participants)

c) Structure-oriented vs level-oriented
d) Ecological level vs individual level vs multi-level

Question 8

Exploratory studies

Answer 8

Examines the existence of cross-cultural similarities or differences

Question 9

exploratory studies. Strengths and weaknesses

Answer 9

Strength - Broad scope for identifying similarities and differences
Weakness - Limited capability to solve the causes of differences

Question 10

Hypothesis-testing studies

Answer 10

Examines why cultural differences exist. Include context variables or experiments.
Inferences promote cross-cultural biases and inequivalence

Question 11

Structure-oriented studies

Answer 11

Comparison of a culture’s constructs,
structures, or relationships among constructs with those of another
culture

Question 12

Level oriented studies:

Answer 12

Comparison of mean levels of scores
between cultures

Question 13

Individual-level studies:

Answer 13

Individual participants provide data and are the unit of analysis

Question 14

Ecological (cultural) studies:

Answer 14

Countries or cultures are the units of analysis
Example: Hofstede

Question 15

Multilevel studies:

Answer 15

Involve data collection at multiple levels of analysis

Question 16

Bias:

Answer 16

Differences that do not have the same meaning within and across cultures

If bias exists in cross-cultural comparative study, the comparison loses its meaning

Question 17

Equivalence

Answer 17

State or condition of similarity in conceptual meaning and empirical method between cultures.
Allows comparisons to be meaningful

Question 18

Types of Bias (8)

Answer 18

Measurement bias
construct bias
linguistic bias
response bias
model bias
sampling bias
procural bias
interpretational bias

Question 19

Measurement bias

Answer 19

are the specific measures, tests, or instruments used to collect data in different cultures equally valid and reliable across those cultures?

Question 20

Construct bias

Answer 20

Are psychological constructs defined in the same way across cultures?

Question 21

Linguistic bias

Answer 21

Are the research protocols semantically equivalent across the languages used in the study?

Question 22

Response bias

Answer 22

Do people of the different cultures have different tendicies to respond to questions?

Question 23

Model bias

Answer 23

Do the theoretical framework and hypotheses being tested mean the same thing in the cultures being tested?

Question 24

Sampling bias

Answer 24

Are the samples in the cultures tested appropriate representatives of their culture and equivalent to each other?

Question 25

Procedural bias

Answer 25

Do the procedures by which data are collected mean the same in all cultures tested?

Question 26

Interpretational bias

Answer 26

- are statically significant findings practically meaningful? - Are the interpretations made about the findings and conclusions drawn biased in some way? - Are interpretations about cultural sources of differences justified by data?

Question 27

Construct/Model Bias, Example:

Answer 27

You investigate happiness across different cultures. You select two cultural groups and you ask participants “How happy do you feel today?” North Americans: - Derive happiness through personal achievements - Maximize positive affect experiences East Asians: - Derive happiness from interpersonal connectedness - Balance experiences of positive and negative affect Consequence: a measure of happiness that is western-focused will underestimate levels of happiness in an East Asian context.

Question 28

Example: Item/Linguistic Bias

Answer 28

An item is biased when it has a different psychological meaning across cultures Example: the item is not applicable “I never make a long trip without checking the safety of my car” – does the respondent have a car? Example: The item has cultural connotations “I do things my own way” – is that desirable or undesirable? Example: An item cannot be easily translated “I feel blue” (from the Beck Depression Inventory).

Question 29

Steps to minimize bias:

Answer 29

1. design (decentering and convergence) 2. implementation (pretest: pilot studies or cognitive interviews, field work) 3. analysis