week 11

Question 1

conformity

Answer 1

yielding (zich overgeven) to real or imagined social pressure

Question 2

Compliance

Answer 2

Yielding (zich overgeven) to social pressure in one’s public behavior, even thougf one’s private beliefs may not have changed.

Question 3

Obedience

Answer 3

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone of authority.

Question 4

Asch experiment on conformity

Answer 4

met die twee lijnen. de groep gaat zeggen dat de ene lijn hetzelfde is als de andere lijn (terwijl dat duidelijk niet zo is), uiteindelijk gingen 36,8 procent van de participanten mee in dat foute antwoord

–>
Higher conformity
* larger majority
* greater proportion of female participants
* ingroup majority
* higher in collectivistic countries

Question 5

Milgram experiment on obedience

Answer 5

• Cover story: study the effects of
  punishment on learning
• Teacher (T- the research participant)
  shocks another person (L-learner)
  (actually a confederate) if wrong or no
  response. Experimenter (E) in the lab.
• “Slight Shock” to “DANGER: Severe
  Shock,”
• 65% of the participants administered
  the most severe levels of shock

–>
Obedience from 16% in Australia to 92% in the Netherlands
* Might be cultural differences
but also other differences in design

Question 6

Cooperation

Answer 6

People’s ability to work together toward common goals
* Based on unique cognitive abilities

Question 7

Social-mindedness

Answer 7

small acts of interpersonal kindness such as stepping aside on a sidewalk

Question 8

Person perception

Answer 8

the process of forming impressions of others

Question 9

infrahumanization

Answer 9

=belief that others lack human qualities.

Question 10

attributions

Answer 10

=beliefs about the underlying causes of behavior

Question 11

Internal attributions

Answer 11

attributions that specify the cause of behavior within a person;
dispositional attributions

Question 12

External attributions

Answer 12

=locate the cause of behavior outside a person (other people, nature, God);
situational attributions

Question 13

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 13

The tendency people have to overemphasize personal
characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others’ behavior (universal, correspondence bias)

Question 14

Self-serving bias

Answer 14

=people tend to attribute good deeds and successes to their own internal
attributes, but attribute bad deeds to external factors (universal)

Individualism/collectivism cannot account for cultural differences in self-serving bias, but religious backgrounds and dialectal thinking may be more important variables in explaining
cultural differences

Question 15

Mate poaching

Answer 15

attracting someone who is already in a relationship

Question 16

Ingroups

Answer 16

: Individuals with a history of shared experiences and anticipatory future.
- Produce a sense of intimacy, familiarity and trust.

Question 17

Outgroups

Answer 17

People who lack in ingroup qualities
- Perceptions of outgroups is associated with infrahumanization.

Question 18

Autostereotypes

Answer 18

Stereotypes about one’s own group

Question 19

Heterostereotypes

Answer 19

Stereotypes about other groups

Question 20

Ethnocentrism

Answer 20

viewing the world through one’s own cultural filters, with the own group at the
top.

Question 21

Prejudice

Answer 21

(bevooroordelen) Tendency to prejudge others based on their group membership

Question 22

Relational mobility

Answer 22

The degree of freedom and opportunity a culture affords its members to choose and move among interpersonal relationships

Question 23

Ingroup derogation

Answer 23

Negative attitudes or beliefs about one’s
own ingroup

Question 24

Stereotypes

Answer 24

Generalized images people
have about others that can
either be positive or negative

Question 25

Ethnocentrism

Answer 25

Viewing the world through one’s own cultural filters

Question 26

Explicit prejudice

Answer 26

Verbalized and made public

Question 27

Implicit prejudice

Answer 27

: Prejudicial attitudes, values, or beliefs that are unspoken and outside conscious awareness

Question 28

Interpersonal discrimination

Answer 28

Unfair treatment of others based on their group membership * Prejudice is thinking/feeling, discrimination is doing

Question 29

Institutional discrimination

Answer 29

Occurs on the level of a large group, society, organization, or institution * Known as various -isms * Can exist in explicit norms of an organization

Question 30

* The contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954)

Answer 30

Interpersonal meeting across group boundaries reduces prejudice

Question 31

Majority and minority have different goals and concerns during contact (contact equal or not? focus on .. ? anxious about..?)

Answer 31

MAJORITY - See contact as more equal - Prefer to focus on commonalities “We are all Americans” - Anxious about seen as racist MINORITY - See contact as less equal - Prefer to acknowledge differences and inequalities - Anxious about being a target of prejudice

Question 32

A meta-analysis (Pettigrew and Tropp, 2006) examining the contact hypothesis found that:

Answer 32

intergroup contact reduces intergroup prejudice, but contact among equals led to greater reductions in prejudice.