Week 9 Flashcards
Avoidance
- mainly come from those living in severe geographies
- specifically for arctic and jungle areas
Adaptation
Forced to adapt because avoidance is impossible
3 examples of Avoidance (3 groups)
1- Beothuk in Newfoundland
2- Pygmies in Central Africa
3- Nenets in Serbia
Beothuk
- In Newfoundland
- European fishers, in summer leaving in winter
- Beothuks would raid left behind resources
- eventually cut off from coast and hunting (lost access to food sources)
Mi’kmaq
Neighbours to Beothuk who actually traded furs and exhausted local game supply
Shanawdithit (Person)
- Beothuk woman who gave accounts of Beothuk for newfoundland people
- Thought to be last Beothuk person
Pygmies
-Central African Foragers
- stayed in Jungles to stay away from Settlers
- slaves to bantu
- seen as inferior by settlers/ bantu
- denied citizenship, land etc
- dealing with development now (deforestation)
Nenet
- Serbia/ Northern Russia
- reindeer herding
- maintained language religion and migration
- global warming melting permafrost (affecting reindeer sled and microbes)
- hydrocarbon mining also being mined > disrupting reindeer routes
Yaran people
mix of Nenet and Izhma Komi
Avoidance in long run
Shrinking land bases, diminishing resources and growing pollution makes avoidance impossible
Trade (initial encounter)
-Newcomer trading often uneven
- limited material needs (not capitalist)
- used to extract resources (settlers)
Maori (trading/ initial encounter)
- Whale hunters
- trade peaceful for a while, until
Pakeha
Maori word for European
Hudson’s Bay Company
- beaver pelts (needed for hats)
- began trading with Natives
- served both partners of trade initially
- in long run indigenous people suffered
Omushkego
- “Swampy Cree”
- middle man of inland communities to coasts
Alcohols (trade)
- Since natives were not capitalist and did not trade for more than they need, they were introduced to alcohols (demand)
Assininboine (Nakota)
- ## middlemen between Indigenous groups and Europeans
Northwest Company
- competition to HBC
- more inland
HBC NWC Pros
- traders go directly to people
- good deals
- shop around for good prices with good quality
HBC NWC Cons
- Cree and Assiniboine lost middlemen position
- game was being trapped out
- land invades
- drawn into violence between European people
- disease spread
- dependant on trade for livelyhood
Trade trends (New Zealand and Canada)
- trade initially good, but overtime as resources became depleted Indigenous people lost power and trade with newcomers became harmful
Mestizos
- Children of Spanish Colonizers and indigenous women
- today called castas (mixed people), Mestizos means Mexicans who do not speak the indigenous language
Metis ( people plus role)
- French/British, union for commercials/ diplomatic ties
- indigenous women became key figures
- mariage a la facon du pay = marriage in the custom of the country
- children would marry eachother (create metis)
- Metis women would become wanted wives
- HBC/NWC merger > white women, metis men fired
- movement to red river settlement
Indigenous Women as Key Figures(Metis)
-negotiated diplomatic and economic ties
- kept their European traders alive
- hunted, gathered good, trapped furs
- made wigwams, canoes, snowshoes
- were travel guides
- acted as interpreters
Ainu Women
- raped by Japanese Merchants, suicide
- husbands killed
- abandoned with their children
- forced to get abortions
- STI’s
Indigenous Women Stereotyping
- Stereotyped to be sexually promiscuous
- gave them justification
- limited liabality to colonizer men who inflicted sexual violence
- both sides usually unhappy (men and women)
- mixed kids usually shunned by white society
National Inquiry into Missin and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
- modern example of Indigenous women mistreatment
- made 16 percent of all female homicide only 4 percent (TDLR, unproportionally high crime cases)
Newcomer’s Guilt
- Rapid assimilation best solution
Aboriginal Protection Society
- fair and just treatment of Indigenous people
- ensure local residence benefit from transitions
- missionaries helped, wanted to christianize but also protected rights
Idealist Preservationists:
- people focused on protecting cultures
- drawn to exoticism
- advocated for isolated reserves for indigenous people
- sometimes did good
- Bartholome de las Casas example
Roger Sandallm The Culture Cult
- Romantic Primitivism
- critics glorifying and romanticizing Indigenous life
- points out inperfections of Indigenous cultures
Indigenous adaptation many forms
- learn colonizer language
- entered new economic, political and social systems
- kin relations
- contrary to popular belief, Indigenous societies stayed intact
Romantic Primitivism 2 errors
= fails to acknowledge that indigenous cultures were once common in western cultures
- fails to acknowledge change over time
