Week 15 Flashcards
Disease never acts alone
- economics
-ecology - politics
set of factors that led to mass loss of life
Health Inequalities of Indigenous people
- on average indig. 5-8 years less life expectancy
- ## aboriginal status now affect countries prediction on overall health
Racism from policy makers
- contributed to belief that they are genetically weaker (led to decline in their communities)
- no immunity “nothing can save them”
- real story, changes from fur trade to industrial capitalism changed their ways of life from hunters and foragers (forced into settlements away from agrariam communities/ lands)
Columbian exchange
- led to introduction of microbes and diseases
- led huge Indigenous population loss
- 1730-1870 was very common in Canadian northwest
- unintentional but very impactful
Human Immune system
1: innate system that responds quicklly to known pathogens and known symptoms
2: the adaptive system which responds more slowly to new pathogens
Factors affecting how Indigenous people respond to diseases
- social conditions: nourishment, living conidtions and care
- physical conditions: warfare, natural disasters, game levels, deforestation, proximity to colonizers
- mental conditions: stress, displacement and trauma
Climatic Optimum (2 affects)
- temperature change (to be good for growth)
- allowed for growing of three sister (corn bean squash), and growth of bison population (allowed for big travelling community)
- Bison community size, allowed for semi sedentary and free time (even flourished in “ice age”
Tuberculosis precontact
- low before contact
Smallpox
- affected everyone (rich poor healthy sick)
- mortality of smallpox (initial infection ) 70 percent. People starved as hunters died
- we don’t know full extent (historical record don’t exist)
- impact was permanent, knowledge, skills and memories lost, social institutions lost and some groups lost all together
-Checks on spread of disease in new world
- lenght of time aboard ships (long travel disease taken course)
-low population densities - short life cycle of pathogens
Hudson’s bay company and disease
disease remains low because
- limited contact
- length of travel time
- adult HBC men immune (exposed during childhood)
Pierre Gaultier de Varenne et de La Verendrye
- established posted west of lake superior (French)
- trades guns to Anishinaabe
- horses and spread of disease to great plains
Ethnogenesis
-Survivors coming together to create new communites
- some instead went more westward
New Entities in Western Canada
- Plains Cree
- Plains Anishinaabe/ Ojibwe
- Plains Metis
1780-1820 Plains region
- Harsh Weather
- Dimishing Game
- Drought
- Epidemics
Volcano effect of Western Canada
-drought
- animal shortages
- violent competition for shrinking resources
- disease spread
HBC + NWC Merging
- started downsizing
- closed many posts (lost jobs)
New HBC Policies
- Prohibited sale of alcahol (basically prohibition, good and bad for indigenous people)
- game conservation measures
- distributed vaccines to save indigenous lives
(Communities with good relations to company got, others perished) - many times rules were ignored
Red River Settlement
- Increased need for bison meat
- increased infection levels
(increased metis population)
New HBC and disease
- implemented sanitation measure, imposed quarantines and brought in surgeons to combat epidemics
( wanted to keep trade partners alive)
Whoop up trades
= lawless whiskey traders and disease
- Blackfoot lashed out against them (blamed them for smallpox)
Chief Sweetgrass
- Assistance for conversion to agriculture
- protection form famin
- a medicine chest
Home Farm Program
- first nation supposed to become commercial farmers
- did not work in combatting famine
Reserve food
food provided to them
- they were not allowed to sell food grown on reserves (meant to preseve but cut them off from business)
Dakota Farmers
- Thriving farmers
- given reserves not under Indian Act
can sell
Cree Execution
- charges/ imprisonned after the resistance
Phase one of disease
- Brought by contact with global economies
- sprea of horses
- empire effect
- fur trade
Phase two of disease
caushed by hardships of economics and politics
- Numbered Treaties
- Canada: legally clearing the plains for settlement,
First nations: Securing a future without bison
(Cannot meet resource requirement for food > famine and TB epidemic)
Working for rations
- food delivered held back (had to work for it)
- led to rotting food while people were starving)
