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Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five main functions for the respiratory system?

A
  1. Provide large area for gas exchange.
  2. Move air to and from the lungs.
  3. Protect respiratory surfaces.
  4. Produce sounds.
  5. Detection of odours (in superior section).
  6. Removing waste product from blood.
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2
Q

What are the 2 main anatomical area of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Upper RS.

2. Lower RS.

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3
Q

List the anatomy of the upper respiratory system.

A
  1. Nose.
  2. Nasal cavity.
  3. Paranasal sinuses.
  4. Pharynx.
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4
Q

List the anatomy of the lower respiratory system.

A
  1. Larynx.
  2. Trachea.
  3. Bronchus.
  4. Lungs.
  5. Bronchioles.
  6. Pulmonary lobule.
  7. Alveoli.
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5
Q

How does the diaphragm aid is respiration?

A

It contracts and relaxes which draws air in and out of the lungs.

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6
Q

What is the respiratory mucosa?

A

Superficial respiratory epithelial tissue with cilia and mucous cells, supported by deep areolar tissue.

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7
Q

What is the function of the respiratory mucosa?

A
  1. Traps particles.

2. Moves particles away from airways using cilia.

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8
Q

What size particles can the respiratory mucosa trap in the nose?

A

Larger than 10 micrometres.

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9
Q

What size particles can the respiratory mucosa trap in the upper tract?

A

1-5 micrometres.

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10
Q

What are the functions of the nose and nasal cavity?

A
  1. Warms, humidifies and cleans air.
  2. Resonate for speech.
  3. Location of olfactory receptors.
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11
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx?

A
  1. Serves as shared pathway for respiratory system and digestive pathways.
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12
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx (connected to nose)
  2. Oropharynx (connected to oral cavity)
  3. Laryngopharynx (connected to larynx)
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13
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Closes to protect the glottis (vocal cords) from food and liquid.

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14
Q

The larynx is a cartilaginous structure: true or false?

A

True.

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15
Q

What is the function of the trachea (wind pipe)?

A

Provides tubing for air to move to and from lungs.

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16
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

Branching of bronchi (plural for bronchus).

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17
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Distinct branches of the bronchial tree.

18
Q

What are the bronchopulmonary segments of the RIGHT lung?

A
  1. Superior lobe (3 segments).
  2. Middle lobe (2 segments).
  3. Inferior lobe (5 segments).
19
Q

What are the bronchopulmonary segments of the LEFT lung?

A
  1. Superior lobe (4 segments).

2. Inferior lobe (5 segments).

20
Q

What are bronchioles.

A

Tiny branches of the bronchial tree.

21
Q

What are alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in lungs that transport oxygen and CO2 to and from the cardiovascular system during respiration,

22
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

A section where the main bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter the lung.

23
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A
  1. External (lungs).

2. Internal (cells).

24
Q

What is the pleura?

A

A vital membrane covering the lungs that cushions the lungs and reduces any friction.

25
Q

What are the two layers of the pleura?

A
  1. Parietal pleura.
  2. Visceral pleura.
    (Separated by pleura fluid).
26
Q

What are the main muscles responsible for inhalation?

A
  1. Diaphragm.

2. External intercostal muscles (outer muscles between ribs).

27
Q

What are the main muscles responsible for exhalation?

A
  1. Diaphragm (elastic recoil).

2. Internal intercostal muscles (inner muscles between ribs).

28
Q

Define tidal volume (lungs).

A

Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle.

29
Q

What is the average tidal volume for males and females?

A
  1. 500 mL in an average healthy adult male

2. 400 mL in a healthy adult female.

30
Q

Define vital capacity (lungs).

A

Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation.

31
Q

Define residual volume (lungs).

A

Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful exhalation.

32
Q

What are the three main properties of gas?

A
  1. Larger volume = Higher pressure.
  2. Higher temperature = Larger volume.
  3. Higher temperature = Higher pressure.
33
Q

How does gas move across membranes in the body and cells?

A

Diffusion. (High concentration to low concentration)

34
Q

What rough proportions of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) would you find in inhaled air?

A

Far more oxygen proportionate carbon dioxide.

35
Q

What rough proportions of oxygen (02) and carbon dioxide (CO2) would you find in exhaled air?

A

More carbon dioxide and less oxygen than inhaled air.

Still more oxygen proportionate to carbon dioxide

36
Q

Define “hypercapnia”

A

Elevated CO2 levels.

37
Q

Define “hypocapnia”

A

Depressed CO2 levels.

38
Q

List the processes for regulating hypercapnia.

A
  1. Chemoreceptors in arties and medulla oblongata detect increased CO2.
  2. Respiratory muscles increase rate of breathing.
  3. CO2 is eliminated more quickly from blood via alveoli.
  4. CO2 levels normalise.
39
Q

List the processes for regulating hypocapnia.

A
  1. Chemoreceptors in arties and medulla oblongata detect decreased CO2.
  2. Respiratory muscles decrease rate of breathing.
  3. CO2 is eliminated more slowly from blood via alveoli.
  4. CO2 levels normalise.
40
Q

How does the respiratory system normally respond to irritants?

A

Airways constrict.

41
Q

What is the average vital capacity for adult males?

A

4.8L

42
Q

What is the average vital capacity for adult females?

A

3.4L

Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 (13 decks)

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