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Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is olfaction?

A

The sense of smell.

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2
Q

Where are the olfactory organs?

A

In the nasal cavity.

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3
Q

What is the olfactory epithelium?

A

Specialised epithelial tissue inside the roof of the nasal cavity.

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4
Q

What are olfactory receptors?

A

Specialised neurons found in the olfactory epithelium whose cilia extend into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium.

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5
Q

What is the series of events for smell sensation?

A
  1. Inhale air.
  2. Chemicals dissolve in olfactory epithelium mucus
  3. Chemicals interact with olfactory receptor proteins
  4. Produces action potential that leads to olfactory bulb in the cerebrum.
  5. Axons leaving olfactory bulb travel along olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus and limbic system.
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6
Q

What is the cribriform plate?

A

A section of bone on the roof of the nasal cavity that is penetrated by the olfactory nerves.

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7
Q

What is gustation and why is it important?

A

Sense of taste, gathers information about the chemical composition of ingested material.

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8
Q

What are the five primarily taste sensations?

A
  1. Saltiness - Sodium ions.
  2. Sourness - Acidity.
  3. Bitterness - Better chemicals.
  4. Sweetness - Sugars.
  5. Umami - Taste of amino acids and nucleotides.
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9
Q

What are lingual papillae?

A

Epithelial projections on the tongue, various types have varying amounts of taste buds.

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10
Q

What are taste buds?

A

Gustatory receptor cells sites.

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11
Q

What are the two types of gustatory receptor cells?

A
  1. Ion channel - Salty and sour.

2. G-protein mediated - Bitter, sweet and umami.

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12
Q

What is the visible electromagnetic radiation wavelength spectrum for human eyesight?

A

400-700nm.

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13
Q

What are the main structures of the eye?

A
  1. Cornea - Outer portion, refracts light.
  2. Pupil - Regulates flow of light into retina.
  3. Iris - Regulates flow of light into retina.
  4. Lens - Focus light rays onto retina.
  5. Retina - Thin layer of sensory nerves lining the back of the eye.
  6. Optic nerve - Transmits signals between eye and CNS.
  7. Fovea - Centre of the macula, consists only of cones.
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14
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

Light detecting cells, that contain visual pigments.

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15
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

A
  1. Rods - Detect light indiscriminate of colour.

2. Cones - Detect colour.

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16
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

A
  1. Sclera - White of the eye, collagen with some elastin.
  2. Choroid - Vascular layer between sclera and retina.
  3. Tarsal glands - Exocrine glands, releases oily substance to prevent tear film evaporation.
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17
Q

What are visual pigments?

A

Photoreceptor proteins that change confirmation as well as releasing the molecule retinal in response to photons (light), this causes change in membrane permeability which leads to transduction.

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18
Q

What are the three main structures of the ear?

A
  1. External.
  2. Middle.
  3. Internal.
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19
Q

What two sensory modalities does the ear provide?

A
  1. Detection of soundwaves (hearing).

2. Equilibrium.

20
Q

What is the range of Hz humans can hear and the optimal Hz?

A

20-20000Hz (20kHz), optimal at 10000HZ (1kHz).

21
Q

What is the anatomy of the external ear?

A
  1. Auricle/pinna (flesh radar).
  2. External acoustic meatus (ear canal).
  3. Tympanic membrane (ear drum).
22
Q

What is the anatomy of the middle ear?

A
  1. Malleus.
  2. Incus.
  3. Stapes.
    All of which are auditory ossicles.
  4. Tympanic cavity.
  5. Oval window.
23
Q

What is the anatomy of the internal ear?

A
  1. Semicircular canals.
  2. Cochlear.
  3. Facial nerve.
  4. Vestibulocochlear nerve.
  5. Auditory tube.
  6. Round window.
24
Q

What is the anatomy of the internal ear?

A
  1. Semicircular canals.
  2. Cochlear.
  3. Facial nerve.
  4. Vestibulocochlear nerve.
  5. Auditory tube.
  6. Round window.
25
Q

What is the main anatomy and function of the semicircular ducts?

A

Made up of the anterior, lateral and posterior ducts, it maintains equilibrium.

26
Q

What is the function of the cochlear?

A

The reception of sound via distortions in the basilar membrane and associated hairs in the vestibular duct caused by pressure waves from the oval window.

27
Q

What is the neural pathway for sound reception?

A
  1. Soundwaves hit tympanic membrane.
  2. Movement of tympanic membrane causes movement in auditory ossicles.
  3. Movement in auditory ossicles produce movement in the oval window, sending pressure waves down the vestibular duct.
  4. Pressure waves distort basilar membrane on the way to the round window.
  5. Basilar membrane distortion vibrates hairs.
  6. Information about the region and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS via cochlear nerve.
28
Q

What are the primary types of cellular communication?

A
  1. Direct - Gap junctions.
  2. Paracrine - Nearby cells and synaptic junctions.
  3. Autocrine - Within same cell.
  4. Endocrine - Long distance via bloodstream using hormones.
29
Q

What is the distinction between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

A

Endocrine system: Targets nearly all cells, long term action, uses hormones.
Nervous system: Targets specific cells, short term action, uses neurotransmitters.

30
Q

Identify three different classes of hormones.

A
  1. Amino acid.
  2. Peptides (Chains of amino acids).
  3. Lipid derivatives.
31
Q

Describe how negative feedback regulation controls hormone secretion.

A

Stimulus causes the release of a hormone whose effects then inhibit further release of that hormone, this can occur by binding to receptor target cells, absorbed or broken down by cells and/or enzymes.

32
Q

What is a first messenger and second messenger?

A

First messenger: A hormone/ligand that binds to a membrane bound protein receptor.
Second messenger: A protein that activates, inhibits or changes the rate of metabolic reactions in the cytoplasm.

33
Q

What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Releases regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus that modulate the function of endocrine glands throughout the body.

34
Q

What glands does the anterior lobe regulate?

A
  1. Adrenal.
  2. Thyroid.
  3. Liver.
  4. Mammary glands.
  5. Testes.
  6. Ovaries.
  7. Pancreas.
35
Q

What glands and/or organs does the posterior lobe regulate?

A
  1. Kidneys.
  2. Uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands.
  3. Smooth muscles in ductus deferens and prostate gland.
36
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

Metabolism, growth and development of the human body.

37
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

A ductless gland inferior to the larynx.

38
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland release and what are their effects on major organs/systems?

A

T3 and T4.

  1. Increases oxygen and energy consumption.
  2. Increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
  3. Maintain sensitively of respiratory centres.
39
Q

How is thyroid hormone secretion regulated?

A
  1. Hypothalamus detects stimulus indicating low levels of T3 and T4 or low body temp.
  2. Hypothalamus releases thyroid-releasing hormone into anterior pituitary gland.
  3. Anterior pituitary gland releases thyroid stimulation hormones.
  4. Thyroid gland releases T3 and T4, restoring normal levels and body temp.
40
Q

What is the adrenal gland and what is it sometimes called?

A

Endocrine glands located superior to the kidneys, sometimes called suprarenal glands.

41
Q

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

A

Release hormones that help regulate:

  1. Metabolism.
  2. Immune system.
  3. Blood pressure.
  4. Stress response.
42
Q

What is the basic anatomy of the adrenal glands?

A

Triangle shaped, has an outer adrenal capsule, an intermediate cortex and an inner medulla section.

43
Q

What are the 4 main hormonal zones of the adrenal glands and the hormones they release?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa - Mineralocorticoids.
  2. Zona fasciculata - Glucocorticoids.
  3. Zona reticularis - Androgens.
  4. Medulla - Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
44
Q

What is the function of the pancreas and the two main hormones?

A

Releases hormones that regulate blood glucose levels.
Alpha cells release glucagon.
Beta cells produce insulin.

45
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Signals the breakdown of stored carbohydrates.

46
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Signals the breakdown of blood glucose.

47
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary glands?

A

Directly releases hormones (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin).

Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 (13 decks)

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