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Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the heart.

A
  1. Lies largely posterior the sternum.
  2. Medial to the lungs.
  3. Superior to the diaphragm.
  4. Within the thoracic cavity.
  5. Surrounded with the pericardium.
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2
Q

What are the main morphological features of the heart?

A
  1. Conical shaped organ.
  2. Base positioned superiorly.
  3. The apex inferiorly and shifted to the left.
  4. Mass around 300 grams, slightly larger than fist.
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3
Q

What are functions of the heart?

A
  1. Pumps blood through the of arteries and veins.
  2. Sends oxygen and nutrients via blood to all parts of the body.
  3. Carries unwanted carbon dioxide to lungs.
  4. Carries waste products to the kidneys.
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4
Q

Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood (low in oxygen) from the body.

A

The right side.

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5
Q

Which part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood (low in oxygen) from the body.

A

Right atrium.

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6
Q

Which part of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange?

A

Right ventricle.

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7
Q

Which part of the heart pumps receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

A

Left atrium.

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8
Q

Which part of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

A

Left ventricle.

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9
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  1. Right atrium.
  2. Right ventricle.
  3. Left atrium.
  4. Left ventricle.
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10
Q

What are the four valves of the heart?

A
  1. Tricuspid - Right atrium to right ventricle.
  2. Pulmonary - Right ventricle to pulmonary artery.
  3. Mitral - Left atrium to left ventricle.
  4. Aortic - Left ventricle to aorta.
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11
Q

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries: Away from heart.
Veins: Towards heart.

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12
Q

What is the difference between atriums and ventricles? (heart)

A

Atrium: Thin walled.
Ventricle: Thick walled.

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13
Q

List and explain the layers of the heart.

A
  1. Epicardium - Thin outer layer, fat and connective tissues.
  2. Myocardium - Cardiac muscle.
  3. Endocardium - Endothelial tissue lining the inner surface of the heart.
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14
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system?

A

A collection of nodes and specialised conduction cells that initiate and co-ordinate contraction of the heart muscle.

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15
Q

List the nodes/fibres of the cardiac conduction system.

A
  1. Sinoatrial node.
  2. Atrioventricular node.
  3. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His).
  4. Purkinje fibres.
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16
Q

Explain the function/sequence of the cardiac conduction system nodes.

A
  1. Action potential is created by the sinoatrial (SA) node = Atria contraction.
  2. Arrives at the atrioventricular (AV) node.
  3. Bundle of His and Purkinje fibres spread impulses = Ventricle contraction.
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17
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

Blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscles and drain deoxygenated blood away from the heart muscles.

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18
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

Coronary artery disease is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries.

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19
Q

What is the main cause of coronary artery disease?

A

Atherosclerosis - Build-up of cholesterol and fatty deposits (called plaques) inside the arteries.

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20
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack.

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21
Q

What causes myocardial infarction?

A

Blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.

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22
Q

What are the functions of the arteries?

A
  1. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
  2. Pulmonary arteries transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
  3. Systemic arteries branch from the aorta and transport oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.
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23
Q

List the types of arteries.

A
  1. Elastic arteries.
  2. Muscular arteries.
  3. Arterioles.
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24
Q

Explain elastic arteries.

A

Nearest the heart (aorta and pulmonary arteries) that contain much more elastic tissue in the tunica media than muscular arteries.

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25
Q

Why do (elastic) aorta and pulmonary arteries have more elastin?

A

Maintain a relatively constant pressure gradient despite the constant pumping action of the heart.

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26
Q

What are muscular arteries?

A

Medium-sized artery that draws blood from an elastic artery and branches into small arteries and arterioles.

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27
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Primary resistance vessels, distribute blood flow into capillary beds.

28
Q

What is the function of muscular arteries and what do they contain more of?

A

Their walls contain a larger number of smooth muscles, allowing them to contract (vasoconstriction) and expand (vasodilation) depending on peripheral blood demand.

29
Q

How much total resistance to blood flow through the body do arterioles provide?

A

Approximately 80% of the total resistance to blood flow through the body.

30
Q

What occurs when arterioles constrict and dilate?

A
  1. Constriction of arterioles increases resistance, causes decrease in blood flow to downstream capillaries and an increase in blood pressure.
  2. Dilation of arterioles decreases resistance, increasing blood flow to downstream capillaries and a decrease in blood pressure.
31
Q

List the elastic arteries.

A
  1. Ascending aorta.
  2. Aortic arch.
  3. Descending thoracic aorta.
  4. Abdominal aorta.
32
Q

List the aortic arch branches.

A
  1. Brachiocephalic trunk.
  2. Left common carotid artery.
  3. Left subclavian artery.
33
Q

What are the arteries of the brachiocephalic trunk and it’s branches?

A
  1. Right common carotid artery branches into right Internal carotid artery (brain) and right external carotid artery.
  2. Right subclavian artery branches into right vertebral artery (brain).
34
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk supply?

A

Right arm, head and neck.

35
Q

What are the arteries of the left common carotid artery?

A
  1. Left Internal carotid artery (brain).

2. Left External carotid artery (face).

36
Q

What are the arteries of the left subclavian artery?

A
  1. Left vertebral artery (brain).
37
Q

What is the abdominal aorta?

A

Continuation of the thoracic aorta, begins at the diaphragm, splits into iliac arteries.

38
Q

What are the iliac arteries?

A

Arteries that provide blood flow to the legs.

39
Q

What is the function of the abdominal aorta?

A

Supplies oxygenated blood to all of the abdominal and pelvic organs and the legs.

40
Q

What are the main branches of the abdominal aorta?

A 
Single.
1. Coeliac artery (trunk). 
2. Superior mesenteric artery. 
3. Inferior mesenteric artery. 
Paired.
4. Suprarenal arteries.
5. Renal arteries.
6. Gonadal arteries.
41
Q

What does the coeliac artery (trunk) supply?

A

Liver, stomach, spleen, the superior duodenum and the superior pancreas.

42
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The first and shortest segment of the small intestine.

43
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Supplies the distal duodenum, jejuno-ileum, ascending colon and part of the transverse colon.

44
Q

What is the jejuno-ileum?

A

Inferior sections of the small intestine.

45
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Large intestine from the end of the transverse colon to the rectum.

46
Q

What do the suprarenal arteries supply?

A

Adrenal glands.

47
Q

What do the renal arteries supply?

A

Kidneys.

48
Q

What do the gonadal arteries supply?

A

Testis and ovaries.

49
Q

What is the clinical definition of hypertension?

A

High blood pressure, is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure.

50
Q

What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

An abdominal aortic aneurysm occurs when a lower portion of the aorta becomes weakened and bulges.

51
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

Generally, veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart, where it can be sent to the lungs.

52
Q

Which veins DO NOT carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart?

A

The network of pulmonary veins, which take oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

53
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Tiny blood-containing structures that connect arterioles to venules.

54
Q

What do capillaries consist of?

A

One layer of endothelium.

55
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.

56
Q

List the types of veins.

A
  1. Postcapillary Venules.
  2. Venules.
  3. Veins.
57
Q

What is the function of postcapillary venules?

A
  1. Receives blood from capillaries and empties into venules.

2. Their pressure is lower than that of capillaries or the tissue.

58
Q

What are the features and functions of venules?

A
  1. Move blood away from the capillary beds.
  2. Many venules unite to form a vein.
  3. Venules contain valves that press together to restrict retrograde transport of blood.
  4. Continuous with the postcapillary venules.
59
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Major vessels of the venous system, final step in the return of blood to the heart.

60
Q

What are the two types of anatomical locations for veins?

A
  1. Superficial veins (subcutaneous).

2. Deep veins.

61
Q

What are varicose veins, the two main symptoms and the common treatment?

A

Dilated segments of vein associated with incompetent valves that permit blood flow from deep veins to superficial veins.
Causes aching and itching, can be treated with vein ligation.

62
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

A

The formation of a blood clot within the deep veins of the lower limbs, causing blockage of the vessel.

63
Q

What is a P-wave? (Heart)

A

Depolarisation of the atria in response to sinoatrial node action potential.

64
Q

What is a QRS complex? (Heart)

A

Depolarisation of the ventricles.

65
Q

What is a T-wave? (Heart)

A

Repolarisation of the ventricles.

66
Q

What are the terms in order seen in a normal ECG scan?

A
  1. P-wave.
  2. QRS complex.
  3. T-wave.

Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 (13 decks)

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