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Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of blood.

A
  1. Transporting gas, nutrients, hormones, wastes.
  2. Regulating pH, ions.
  3. Restricting fluid loss.
  4. Immune response.
  5. Maintaining body temperature.
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2
Q

List the components of blood.

A
  1. Plasma proteins.

2. Formed elements.

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3
Q

What are the 3 main plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen.

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4
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

Liquid portion of blood, consist of plasma proteins and water.

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5
Q

What are formed elements?

A

Cell and cell fragments.

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6
Q

What are the 3 formed elements in blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

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7
Q

What are the proportions of blood components?

A

Plasma: 7% plasma proteins, 92% water, 1% other solutes.

Formed elements: 99.9% red blood cells, less than 0.1% for white blood cells and platelets.

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8
Q

Where are red blood cells produced?

A

Red bone marrow of long bones (in epiphysis).

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9
Q

What are red blood cells sometimes called?

A

Erythrocytes.

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10
Q

What shape are red blood cells?

A

Biconcave.

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11
Q

How is a red blood cell’s biconcave shape related to it’s function?

A

Biconcave shape has large surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide (and other gases) binding.

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12
Q

What is the role of the protein haemoglobin in red blood cells?

A

Allows oxygen and carbon dioxide (and other gases) to bind to red blood cells.

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13
Q

How does iron (Fe) facilitate haemoglobin function?

A

Iron contained in haemoglobin binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide (and other gases).

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14
Q

What are blood types?

A

Variations in the surface antigens of red blood cells AND the antibodies contained in plasma.

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15
Q

List the blood types.

A
  1. Type A.
  2. Type B.
  3. Type AB.
  4. Type O.
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16
Q

What are antigens?

A

Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance.

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17
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that signal immune response.

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18
Q

List the antibodies and antigens present/absent in type A-

A

Antigens: A antigens.
Antibodies: Anti-B.
Rhesus antigens: No.

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19
Q

List the antibodies and antigens present/absent in type A+

A

Antigens: A antigens.
Antibodies: Anti-B.
Rhesus antigens: Yes.

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20
Q

List the antibodies and antigens present/absent in type B-

A

Antigens: B antigens.
Antibodies: Anti-A.
Rhesus antigens: No.

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21
Q

List the antibodies and antigens present/absent in type B+

A

Antigens: B antigens.
Antibodies: Anti-A.
Rhesus antigens: Yes.

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22
Q

List the antibodies and antigens present/absent in type AB-

A

Antigens: A and B antigens.
Antibodies: None.
Rhesus antigens: No.

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23
Q

List the antibodies and antigens present/absent in type AB+

A

Antigens: A and B antigens.
Antibodies: None.
Rhesus antigens: Yes.

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24
Q

List the antibodies and antigens present/absent in type O-

A

Antigens: None.
Antibodies: Anti-B and anti-A.
Rhesus antigens: No.

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25
Q

List the antibodies and antigens present/absent in type O+

A

Antigens: None.
Antibodies: Anti-B and anti-A.
Rhesus antigens: Yes.

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26
Q

List the characteristics of white blood cells.

A
  1. Various forms.
  2. Have a nucleus.
  3. Lack haemoglobin.
  4. Capable of ameboid movement.
  5. Attracted to specific chemicals.
27
Q

What are white blood cells sometimes called?

A

Leukocytes.

28
Q

List the 5 main types of white blood cells.

A
  1. Neutrophils.
  2. Eosinophils.
  3. Basophils.
  4. Monocytes.
  5. Lymphocytes.
29
Q

What is the proportion of neutrophil white blood cells and what are they responsible for?

A

50-70%, phagocytic (ingest things) toward bacteria, and digest them, first to site of injury.

30
Q

What is the proportion of eosinophil white blood cells and what are they responsible for?

A

2-4%, respond to allergens, kill protozoa (single cell eukaryotes) and roundworms.

31
Q

What is the proportion of basophil white blood cells and what are they responsible for?

A

1%, accumulate in damaged tissues, provide inflammation.

32
Q

What is the proportion of monocyte white blood cells and what are they responsible for?

A

2-8%, large, engulfs debris and pathogens.

33
Q

What is the proportion of lymphocyte white blood cells?

A

20-40%

34
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Primary immune cells in blood and lymph.

35
Q

Name the two major structures of the lymphatic system.

A
  1. Primary lymphoid organs.

2. Secondary lymphoid organs.

36
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Red bone marrow and the thymus.

37
Q

What is the thymus?

A

A small organ that produces immature lymphocytes.

38
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, some mucus tissue.

39
Q

What is the function of primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Primary: Produces immature Lymphocytes.
Secondary: Activates lymphocytes via antigen-specific receptors.

40
Q

List the functions of the lymphatic system.

A
  1. Produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes.
  2. Protect against infections, foreign substances.
  3. Return fluid to bloodstream via lymph vessels.
41
Q

List the components of the lymphatic system.

A
  1. Lymphoid organs.
  2. Nodes.
  3. Vessels.
  4. Capillaries.
42
Q

How do the lymphatic and cardiovascular system interact?

A

Blood capillaries move extracellular fluid into lymphatic capillaries.
Lymphatic capillaries flow into lymphatic vessels which drain into the two subclavian veins.

43
Q

What are subclavian veins?

A

Veins carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart located superior to clavicle.

44
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

Barriers (skin), phagocytes to attack bacteria, natural killer cells.

45
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

T and B cell, attack particular bacterium, provided by exposure or vaccination.

46
Q

What are the two primarily divisions of the immune system?

A
  1. Innate.

2. Adaptive.

47
Q

What are phagocytes and state if they are innate or adaptive.

A

Phagocytes are cells that ingest harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.
Innate and adaptive.

48
Q

What is the inflammatory response and state if it is innate or adaptive.

A

Occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause.
Damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins.
These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.
It is innate.

49
Q

What is the complement system in the immune system? is it innate or adaptive?

A

Group of proteins in the blood plasma produced by the liver that either pierce pathogens membranes (cell lysis) or bind to pathogens to make them more attractive to phagocytes (opsonisation). It is innate.

50
Q

Are antigens innate or adaptive in the immune system?

A

Innate.

51
Q

Are antibodies innate or adaptive?

A

Adaptive.

52
Q

Are T-cells innate or adaptive?

A

Adaptive.

53
Q

Are B-cells innate or adaptive?

A

Adaptive.

54
Q

What are T-cells?

A

Lymphocytes that attack specific antigens.

55
Q

What are B-cells?

A

Lymphocytes that produce antibodies.

56
Q

How do antibodies prevent and protect from infection?

A
  1. Preventing pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them (neutralization).
  2. Stimulating removal of pathogens by macrophages and other cells by coating the pathogen (opsonization).
  3. Triggering destruction of pathogens by stimulating other immune responses.
57
Q

Why do red blood cells lack a nucleus?

A

Is it ejected from immature red blood cells before it leaves the bone marrow and allows for more haemoglobin.

58
Q

What are the average haematocrit levels for adult males?

A

Range from 41%-50%.

59
Q

What are the average haematocrit levels for adult females?

A

Range from 36%-44%.

60
Q

What is haematocrit level?

A

Proportion of red blood cells in blood.

61
Q

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

120 days.

62
Q

What is the main function of the spleen?

A

Recycling old cells and storing useful molecules, particularly iron.

63
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells, B cells, natural killer cells.

Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 (13 decks)

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