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Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
  2. Peripheral nervous system (nerve tissue outside the CNS and ENS).
  3. Enteric nervous system (autonomic nerves that controls the gastrointestinal tract, use neurotransmitters, have LOTS of neurons).
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2
Q

What are the functional divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. PNS is divided into efferent (bring to) and afferent (bring out) divisions.
  2. Somatic nervous system (voluntary movement, can be involuntary if a reflex).
  3. Autonomic nervous system (automatic bodily functions) further divided into parasympathetic (relax) and sympathetic (stress/excitation).
  4. Enteric nervous system (autonomic nerves that controls the gastrointestinal tract, use neurotransmitters, have LOTS of neurons).
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3
Q

What is a general structure of a neuron?

A

Dendrites supported by internal neurofilaments lead to cell body, which consists of the nucleus and perikaryon (cytoplasm), which contains neurofilaments and neurotubules.
The axon hillock leads to axon (contains axoplasm, surrounded by axolemma) which lead to telodendria which end with axon terminals.
Axons can branch, this are called collaterals.

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4
Q

What are the four structural classifications of neurons?

A
  1. Anaxonic - Lots of dendrites, no obvious axons (poorly understood).
  2. Bipolar - Cell body between one dendrite and one axon (rare, occur in sight, smell or hearing).
  3. Unipolar - Single process including dendrites and axons (normally sensory neurons in PNS).
  4. Multipolar - Lots of dendrites, one axon (common in CNS, all motor neurons are multipolar).
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5
Q

Explain the two types of afferent (sensory) neurons.

A
  1. Somatic sensory - Neurons monitor the external environment.
    - Exteroceptors
  2. Visceral sensory - Neurons monitor internal environment.
    - Interreceptors (organs)
    - Proprioceptors (position and movement of body)
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6
Q

Explain the two types of efferent (motor) neurons.

A
  1. Somatic motor neurons allow voluntary control of skeletal muscles.
  2. Visceral motor neurons involuntarily control smooth and cardiac muscle.
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7
Q

Explain the functions of interneurons.

A

Located in the brain and spinal cord, responsible for distribution and processing of information.

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8
Q

What are neuroglia/glial cells?

A

Supportive, regulatory cells in the nervous system.

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9
Q

List the neuroglia in the CNS.

A
  1. Astrocytes.
  2. Ependymal cells.
  3. Oligodendrocytes.
  4. Microglia.
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10
Q

List the neuroglia in the PNS.

A
  1. Satellite - Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, regulate fluids.
  2. Schwann cells - Cell that myelinate PNS neurons.
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11
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

A sudden change in membrane potential, closer to equilibrium.

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12
Q

What are the different types of action potential propagation?

A

Continuous - Unmyelinated axons, slower.

Saltatory - Myelinated, faster.

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13
Q

What are the different types of synapses?

A
  1. Electrical - Connected via gap junctions (extremely rare in CNS and PNS).
  2. Chemical - Separated by synaptic cleft, uses neurotransmitters.
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14
Q

What is the structure and functions of the spinal cord?

A

Thick bundle of nervous tissue, centre is the central canal filled with CSF which is surrounded by grey matter, which in turn is surrounded by white matter.
The posterior side has a shallow ridge called the posterior median sulcus.
The anterior side has a deep ridge called the anterior median fissure.
Relays signals to and from the body and the brain.

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15
Q

Describe the three meningeal layers that surround the central nervous system.

A

Most superficial to innermost layer.

  1. Dura mater - Dense collagen layer.
  2. Arachnoid mater - Avascular network of collagen and elastic fibres, maintains CSF metabolism, creates cushioning for the brain.
  3. Pia mater - stiff collagen and reticular fibres attached to spinal cord, stabilises the spinal cord.
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16
Q

What is the role of white and grey matter in relaying motor and sensory information in the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter is responsible for sensory and motor signals, the anterior horn sends efferent signals and the posterior horn receives afferent signals.
White matter is responsible for processing and relaying the signals to and from the brain.

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17
Q

Describe the distribution of spinal nerves.

A
  1. Spinal nerves connected to the anterior horns are responsible for somatic and visceral motor function.
  2. Spinal nerves connected to the posterior horns are responsible for somatic and visceral sensory function.
  3. These form branching networks of nerves called nerve plexuses.
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18
Q

Describe the events involved in a reflex arc.

A

Reflex arc - Activation of receptor for stimulus, activation of sensory neuron, information processing in CNS, activation of motor neuron, response by PNS effector.
Monosynaptic reflexes are simple, polysynaptic reflexes are complex.

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19
Q

Name the four regions of the brain.

A

Four regions of brain.

  1. Cerebrum - Intellectual function, memory, sense and relay.
  2. Cerebellum - Movement coordination.
  3. Diencephalon - Thalamus (relaying and processing centre) and hypothalamus (links nervous system to endocrine system, controls autonomic functions).
  4. Brainstem - Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.
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20
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

A highly selective barrier made up of astrocytes, endothelial cell and pericytes that separates the cardiovascular system from the CSF and CNS.

21
Q

Explain the components and functions of the cerebellar structures.

A
  1. Anterior lobe - mediates unconscious proprioception.
  2. Posterior lobe - fine motor coordination, specifically with inhibition of involuntary movement via inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA.
  3. Flocculonodular lobe - balance, vestibular reflexes, and eye movements.
  4. Vermis (midline).
22
Q

Identify the major anatomical subdivisions and functions of the cerebrum.

A
  1. Frontal lobe - Personality, behaviour, executive function, speech production (Broca’s area), body movement (motor strip), memory.
  2. Parietal lobe - Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip), speech recognition (Wernicke’s area).
  3. Occipital lobe - vision (colour, light, movement).
  4. Temporal lobe - Auditory processing, speech recognition (Wernicke’s area), memory.
23
Q

Identify each of the 12 cranial nerves, state whether they are sensory or motor innervations and their basic functions.
(Ooh, Ooh, Ooh, to touch and feel very good velvet. Such heaven!)

A
  1. Olfactory nerve - Sense of smell.
  2. Optic nerve - Sense of vision.
  3. Oculomotor nerve - Eye motion and pupil reflex.
  4. Trochlear nerve - Eye movement.
  5. Trigeminal nerve - Face sensation, chewing.
  6. Abducens nerve - Eye movement.
  7. Facial nerve - Face movement, taste.
  8. Vestibulocochlear nerve - Hearing, balance.
  9. Glossopharyngeal nerve - Throat sensation, taste, swallowing.
  10. Vagus nerve - Movement, sensation and parasympathetic function.
  11. Accessory nerve - Neck movement.
  12. Hypoglossal nerve - Tongue movement.
24
Q

What the main types of receptor cells?

A
  1. Nociceptors - Sense pain (Myelinated type A fibres sense fast pain, unmyelinated type C fibres sense slow pain).
  2. Thermoreceptors - Sense heat.
  3. Mechanoreceptors - Sense distortion in membrane.
    - Tactile (6 kinds) - Sense force.
    - Baroreceptor - Sense blood pressure.
    - Proprioceptors (3 kinds) - Sense gravity and body position.
  4. Chemoreceptors - Sense chemicals.
25
Q

Identify the receptors for the general senses and describe how they function in the human body.

A

All sense organs follow a pattern: signal, collection, transduction, processing, action.
Vision/light - Eyes.
Auditory/sound - Ears.
Olfactory/chemical - Nose.
Gustation/chemical - Mouth/nose.
Touch/position/motion/temperature/pain - Skin.
Proprioception - Vestibular system, joints, tendons and muscles.

26
Q

What are the four main spinal nerve plexuses and the regions they are associated with?

A
  1. Cervical plexus - Innervates muscles of the neck and diaphragm.
  2. Brachial plexus - Innervates the pectoral girdles and upper limbs.
  3. Lumbar plexus - Innervates the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves.
  4. Sacral plexus - Innervates the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet.
27
Q

What are the different ways you can classify reflexes?

A
  1. Development - Innate or acquired.
  2. Response - Somatic reflexes (involuntary outside glands and internal organ) or visceral reflexes (involuntary glandular and internal organ).
  3. Complexity of circuit - Monosynaptic or polysynaptic.
  4. Processing site - Spinal reflexes or cranial reflexes.
28
Q

What are the three regions of the brainstem?

A

Regions of brainstem.

  1. Midbrain - Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wakefulness, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.
  2. Pons - Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus.
  3. Medulla oblongata - Relays information to thalamus and brainstem, automatic visceral functions (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive).
29
Q

What are the major ventricles of the brain

A
  1. Left and right lateral ventricles.
  2. Third ventricle (medial to lateral ventricles).
  3. Fourth ventricle (inferior medial to lateral ventricles).
30
Q

What are the embryological stages relevant to the development of the nervous system?

A
  1. Sperm and ovum create zygote.
  2. Zygote divides creating morula.
  3. Morula develops into blastocyst.
  4. Blastocyst contains embryoblasts.
  5. Week 2 bilaminar embryonic disc forms.
  6. Week 3 trilaminar embryonic disc forms, (Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm layers).
  7. Week 3-4 Section of ectoderm (neural plate) forms neural tube (primary brain vesicles).
31
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

Provide cushioning and transports nutrients, chemical messengers and wastes.

32
Q

What are gyrus? and the main gyrus?

A

Brain fold ridges.

  1. Cingulate gyrus.
  2. Precentral gyrus (motor strip of frontal lobe).
  3. Post central gyrus (sensation strip of parietal lobe).
33
Q

What are sulcus? and the main sulcus?

A

Brain fold fissures.

  1. Central sulcus (separates precentral and postcentral gyrus).
  2. Lateral sulcus (separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe).
  3. Parieto-occipital sulcus.
34
Q

What are the primary brain vesicles (3 weeks)?

A
  1. Prosencephalon - becomes telencephalon and diencephalon.
  2. Mesencephalon.
  3. Rhombencephalon - becomes metencephalon and myelencephalon.
35
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles (6 weeks)?

A
  1. Telencephalon - becomes cerebrum and lateral ventricles.
  2. Diencephalon - becomes third ventricle.
  3. Mesencephalon - becomes midbrain and cerebral aqueduct.
  4. Metencephalon - becomes cerebellum, pons and fourth ventricle.
  5. Myelencephalon - becomes medulla oblongata and fourth ventricle.
36
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Narrow conduit that allows for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to flow between the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle

37
Q

What are the main arteries of the brain?

A
  1. Anterior cerebral artery - Anterior medial portions of the frontal and parietal lobes.
  2. Middle cerebral artery - Lateral frontal and parietal lobes AND superior temporal lobes.
  3. Posterior cerebral artery - Occipital lobes and inferior temporal lobes.
38
Q

How many arteries supply the spinal cord?

A

Three.

39
Q

What is repolarisation?

A

Change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarisation phase of an action potential.

40
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

A change in a cell’s membrane potential that makes it more negative than resting potential.

41
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

The voltage across a membrane caused by an electromagnetic gradient.

42
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

-70mV.

43
Q

What causes the negative resting membrane potential of neurons?

A

The intracellular fluid has a high concentration of potassium ions (K+) and negatively charged proteins, the extracellular environment has a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+) and calcium ions (Ca-).

44
Q

What prevents molecules from crossing the neuronal membrane and ultimately maintains the resting membrane potential?

A

Membrane bound sodium-potassium pumps, voltage gated pumps, chemically gated pumps, mechanically gated channels and leak channels.

45
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Maintain blood brain barrier, provide support, regulate ions, nutrients and dissolved gas concentration, absorb/recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue, development.

46
Q

What are the functions of ependymal cells?

A

Produce and maintain cerebrospinal fluid, found in ventricle (cavities of the brain) and the central spinal canal.

47
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelinate axons, white matter are myelinated neurons, grey matter are unmyelinated neurons.

48
Q

What are the functions of microglia?

A

Remove debris, waste and pathogens in the nervous system.

Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 (13 decks)

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