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Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 > Intro/terms > Flashcards

Intro/terms Flashcards

1
Q

Define “Anatomy”

A

The study of organic structures.

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2
Q

Define “Physiology”

A

The study of organic functions.

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3
Q

What are the levels of organisation in anatomy and physiology from most basic to most complex?

A

Chemical/molecular level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ systems level and finally organism level.

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4
Q

What is the anatomical position? (also called the standard anatomical position)

A

Standing, looking forward with hands at sides, palms facing forward and feet together.

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5
Q

What does supine mean?

A

Supine means lying down, facing up.

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6
Q

What does prone mean?

A

Prone means lying down, facing downwards.

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7
Q

What is the cephalon region in anatomy?

A

The head.

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8
Q

What is the cervicis region in anatomy?

A

The neck.

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9
Q

What is the thoracic region in anatomy?

A

The chest.

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10
Q

What is the brachium region in anatomy?

A

The arm.

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11
Q

What is the carpus region in anatomy?

A

The wrist.

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12
Q

What is the manus region in anatomy?

A

The hand.

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13
Q

What is the pubis region in anatomy?

A

The pubic.

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14
Q

What is the inguin region in anatomy?

A

The groin.

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15
Q

What is the tarsus region in anatomy?

A

The ankle.

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16
Q

What is the planta region in anatomy?

A

The sole of the foot.

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17
Q

What are superior and inferior directions in anatomy?

A

Superior is the direction going towards the head inferior in the direction going towards the feet.

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18
Q

What are the posterior/dorsal and anterior/ventral directions in anatomy?

A

Posterior and dorsal are towards the back, anterior and ventral are towards the front.

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19
Q

What are the cranial and caudal directions in anatomy?

A

Cranial refers to the direction going towards the head, caudal refers to the direction going towards AND stopping at the tail bone.

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20
Q

What are the lateral and medial directions in anatomy?

A

Lateral means away from the midline, medial means towards the midline.

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21
Q

What are the proximal and distal directions in anatomy?

A

Both these directions refer to limbs, where proximal is towards the body along the limb and distal is away from the body along the limb.

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22
Q

What are the 3 anatomical planes/sections?

A

Frontal, sagittal and transverse.

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23
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

The vertical plane that divides the body into posterior/dorsal and anterior/ventral sections.

24
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

The vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sides.

25
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

The horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

26
Q

What are the posterior/dorsal body cavities?

A

Cranial and spinal cavities.

27
Q

What are the anterior/ventral body cavities?

A

The thoracic cavity, the pericardial cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity which includes the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.

28
Q

What non-invasive scanning techniques allow us to see what is inside the body?

A

X-ray (X-radiation), Computed tomography scan (CT), Ultrasound, Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Positron emission tomography scan (PET).

29
Q

Name all the physiological systems of the body.

A

Integumentary (skin, hair, nails and glands), skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system and the reproductive system.

30
Q

What is the function of physiological systems?

A

Regulatory systems required to maintain homeostasis.

31
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

An internal state of an organism where an optimal internal environment is maintained despite environmental changes.

32
Q

How is feedback used to maintain homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is maintained by slow or negative feedback by using physiological processes to reduce the difference between the current state and the desired state.
Rapid or positive feedback is also used, although less often to amplify responses to stimulus until further change is prevented by the system.

33
Q

What is electrocardiography (ECG)?

A

Used to test or measure cardiac function through electrical activity patterns (cardiac function).

34
Q

What is a muscle grip strength test?

A

Used to test strength, tests for muscle strength and nerve function (mainly in the hand, wrist and forearm).

35
Q

What is spirometry?

A

Measures the speed and volume of exhalation and inhalation (respiratory function).

36
Q

What are blood tests?

A

Used to identify irregularities in the blood to test the function of organs and organ systems.

37
Q

What is audiometry?

A

Used to test the function of the auditory system using different sounds ranging in pitch and intensity.

38
Q

What is a balance test?

A

Used to test balance, tests for vestibular system function.

39
Q

What is a simple reflex test?

A

Used to test neural pathway function (tapping the knee tendon is a common test).

40
Q

What is the only body system that isn’t vital?

A

Reproductive system.

41
Q

Briefly explain the integumentary system.

A

Made up of the skin, hair, nails and glands.
It provides a barrier between the environment and the internal environment of the organism, as well as serving excretory and absorption functions.
Also provides sensation.

42
Q

Briefly explain the skeletal system.

A

It provides structure and support, allows for movement (in conjunction with other systems), makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores nutrients.

43
Q

Briefly explain the muscular system.

A

Primarily serves the function of contraction which allows for movement (in conjunction with other systems), the function of blood vessels and the function of some organs.

44
Q

Briefly explain the nervous system.

A

Primarily function is cell signalling through electrical potentials, responsible for movement (in conjunction with other systems), sensations, information processing and behaviour.

45
Q

Briefly explain the endocrine system.

A

Regulates the release of hormones, responsible for mood, development, metabolism and reproduction.

46
Q

Briefly explain the cardiovascular system.

A

Primary function of circulating blood throughout the body, responsible for the distribution of oxygen, nutrients, immune cells and hormones.
Removes carbon dioxide and waste products from various parts of the body.
It is also influences temperature regulation and blood clotting.

47
Q

Briefly explain the lymphatic system.

A

Involved in immune function, waste removal and the maintenance and fluid levels in the body.

48
Q

Briefly explain the respiratory system.

A

Responsible for the absorption of oxygen and the expelling of waste gases like carbon dioxide.

49
Q

Briefly explain the digestive system.

A

Responsible for the breakdown of food into small molecules that can utilised by your cells and the excretion of waste product.

50
Q

Briefly explain the urinary system.

A

Filters the blood and excretes unwanted substances through urine.

51
Q

Briefly explain the reproductive system.

A

The major function is to ensure the survival of our species by allowing sexual reproduction.

52
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

Anatomical study concerned with features visible without a microscope.

53
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

Anatomical study concerned with microscopic features, cytology analyses the internal structure of cells and histology analyses the structure of tissues.

54
Q

What is homeostatic regulation?

A

The organism’s ability to maintain homeostasis through physiological processes, it normally involves a receptor, a control centre and an effector.

55
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

Occurs when cells, tissues, organs or organ systems adjust actively in response to environmental change.

56
Q

What is extrinsic regulation?

A

Results from the functioning of the nervous system and endocrine system (behaviour).

Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 (13 decks)

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