Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 > Cell bio/chem > Flashcards

Cell bio/chem Flashcards

1
Q

Which six elements make up almost 99% of the human body?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain the atomic structure.

A

All atoms consist of a nucleus which in turn consist of protons and neutrons and an electron cloud which consists of electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that forms a chemical element.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a proton?

A

A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle that resides in the nucleus with neutrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a neutron?

A

A neutron is a subatomic particle with neutral charge and slightly more mass than a proton that resides in the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a electron?

A

An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle that has a mass almost 1000 times less than a proton, electrons orbit the nucleus forming a cloud known as “electron shells”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an ion?

A

An ion is an particle, atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a cation?

A

A cation is a positively charged ion, this occurs when electrons are lost.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a anion?

A

An anion is a negatively charged ion, this occurs when electrons are gained.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do electrical charges interact?

A

Opposite charges are attracted, like charges repel each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three main types of chemical bond?

A
  1. Ionic
  2. Covalent
  3. Hydrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Occurs when an electron moves from one atom to another atom, this creates opposite charges and bonds the atoms together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Briefly explain electron shells.

A

Electrons shells are formed by orbiting electrons, the shells form layers and have a fixed number of electrons in each layer.
The outer shells (in most cases apart from transition metals) or valence shell consist of valence electrons who configuration is responsible for the reactively of elements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Occurs when valence electrons from one atom are shared with another atom, they can be single bond (sharing 1 pair of electrons), double bond (sharing 2 pairs of electrons) or triple bond (sharing 3 pairs of electrons).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are non-polar and polar bonds?

A

Covalent bonds can be:

  1. Non-polar, which means they create a balanced charge due to the equal sharing of electrons.
  2. Polar, which means they create an unbalanced charge due the unequal sharing of electrons.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Bonds that occur when the oppositely charged ends of polar molecules/ions are attracted to each other. Common in liquid water (h2o).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

A process in which substances (reactants) are converted into different substances (products).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are inorganic and organic compounds?

A

Inorganic compounds normally do not contain carbon as apposed to organic compounds which always contain carbon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What the most important kinds of inorganic compounds in the body?

A

Water, solutes, hydrogen ions, acids/bases and salts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is water?

A

h2o, approximately 2/3 of body weight, it is a very good solvent (solutes dissolve in water), has a high heat capacity (takes a lot of energy to heat up and holds heat well), acts as a lubricant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain solutions, solvents and solutes.

A

When one substance dissolves into another substance, it becomes a solution.
Polar substances will dissolve polar substances, likewise with two non-polar substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are hydrogen ions?

A

Hydrogen atoms that have lost an electron, becoming positively charge OR have gained an electron, becoming negatively charged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are hydroxyl ions?

A

Negatively charge molecules consisting of covalently bonded Hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions come from?

A

The dissociation of H2O molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a pH level?

A

A measure of the relative concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in water.
pH 7 is neutral = same amount of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.
pH<7 is acidic = more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions.
pH>7 is basic = more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen ions.

26
Q

What are salts?

A

Ionic compounds consisting of cations and anions. Many salts dissolve in water.

27
Q

What are buffers?

A

Found in physiological systems, used to absorb and release ions to keep pH stable.

28
Q

What are the organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

29
Q

Practise “Biofunde” test on Khan.

A

Score based on results. (If completed today, then skip)

30
Q

Practise “Cellbio” test on Khan.

A

Score based on results. (If completed today, then skip)

31
Q

Practise “Biotransport” test on Khan.

A

Score based on results. (If completed today, then skip)

32
Q

Practise “Chemoflife” test on Khan.

A

Score based on results. (If completed today, then skip)

33
Q

Practise “Cellstrucandfunc” test on Khan.

A

Score based on results. (If completed today, then skip)

34
Q

What is tissue?

A

Collections of specialised cells and cell products that preform a limited set of functions.

35
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an atom, this determines the elements.

36
Q

What is the atomic mass number?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons, these are normally the same.

37
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element containing different numbers of neutrons.

38
Q

What is molecular weight?

A

The weight of a compound/molecule, this is the sum of the atomics weights of it’s component atoms.

39
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All of the collective chemical reactions in the body constitute it’s metabolism.

40
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to preform work.

41
Q

What is kinetic and potential energy?

A

Kinetic energy is energy categorised by motion, potential energy is energy categorised by stored energy.

42
Q

What is catabolism and anabolism?

A

Catabolism is the breaking down of molecules for energy, anabolism is using energy to create new molecules.

43
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that act as catalysts by lowering the activation energy of reactions.

44
Q

What are exergonic and endergonic reactions?

A

Exergonic reactions release energy, endergonic reactions absorb energy.

45
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Essential elements and molecules normally obtained from diet.

46
Q

What are metabolites?

A

Molecules that can be synthesised or broken down by chemical reactions in the body.

47
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Includes epithelia, which is a avascular (lack of blood vessels) layer of cells that forms protective barriers and regulates permeability.
AND
Glands, which are secretory structures.
REMEMBER
Epithelial cell may show polarity (different membranes at different positions on the cell).

48
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

The basement membrane attaches epithelia to underlying connective tissue.

49
Q

What is a ciliated epithelium?

A

Epithelial cells with microvilli responsible for moving materials across the epithelial surface.

50
Q

How do cells attach to one another?

A

Using cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) or at cell junctions (attachment sites).
The three main types being:
1. Tight junctions - Interlocking webs of membrane proteins
2. Gap junctions - Shared protein channels
3. Desmosomes - Very strong interlocking membrane bound proteins

51
Q

What are endocrines and exocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands release substances onto the gland surface, endocrine glands release substances into surrounding fluids.

52
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue that provides structure, protection, connection, transportation, storage and immune function.

53
Q

What do all connective tissues contain?

A

Specialised cells, a matrix (composed of extracellular protein fibres) and ground substance (extracellular fluid).

54
Q

What are the three main types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper.
  2. Fluid connective tissues.
  3. Supporting connective tissues.
55
Q

What are the three main types of connective tissue fibres?

A
  1. Collagen fibres - Bundled structural proteins
  2. Reticular fibres - Webbed supportive network-like proteins
  3. Elastic fibres - Elastic bundles of proteins
56
Q

Explain connective tissue proper.

A

Falls into two categories, loose and dense.

57
Q

What are the different kinds of loose connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Mucous connective tissues in embryos.
  2. Areolar tissue (Loosely interlacing fibres which allow room for fluids, bind well but also provide flexibility and cushioning).
  3. Adipose tissue which consist of brown fat (heat producing) and white fat (energy storage).
  4. Reticular tissue.
58
Q

What are the different kinds of dense connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Dense regular connective tissue - densely packed, parallel collagen fibres (found in ligaments and tendons).
  2. Dense irregular connective tissue - Irregular arrangements of collagen fibres, less ground substance than dense regular connective tissue, creates strong sheets of tissue.
    BOTH THESE TISSUES CONNECT INTERNAL ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS TOGETHER.
59
Q

What are the main types of fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood, which contains red blood cells (carry oxygen and carbon dioxide), white blood cells (Immune cells) and platelets (small cells produced by the bones that clot to prevent bleeding) all of which are in the plasma.
Lymph, a fluid that is involved in immune function, nutrient transport and fluid circulation.

60
Q

What are the supporting connective tissues?

A 
Hyaline cartilage (smooth, glass like cartilage found on joint surfaces), elastic cartilage (flexible cartilage, eg: ears and nose) and fibrocartilage (tough inflexible cartilage, sometimes replaces hyaline cartilage after injury).
Bone and osseous tissue, tissue with very little ground substance, dense mineralised matrix, depend on canaliculi (tiny canals) for nutrients and are surrounded by a tough membrane called periosteum.
61
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Specialised tissue that propagates electrical and chemical signals to convey information, responsible for sensation, information processing and behaviour.

Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions