A1 Lab tutorial

Question 1

What is the integumentary system and what is it composed of?

Answer 1

The organ system that includes the cutaneous membrane, hair, nails and exocrine glands.

Question 2

What is the cutaneous membrane?

Answer 2

The skin, which consists of the epidermis (outer layer) and the dermis (inner layer) which sits on top subcutaneous tissue (fat).

Question 3

What are the five classifications of bones?

Answer 3

1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones
5. Sesamoid bones

Question 4

What are long bones?

Answer 4

Long, thin bones found in limbs, toes and fingers.

Question 5

What are short bones?

Answer 5

Boxlike bones, examples are carpel bones in the wrists and tarsal bones in the ankle.

Question 6

What are flat bones?

Answer 6

Thin bones with parallel surfaces, found in the roof of the skull, the thoracic cage (ribs) and scapula (shoulder blades).

Question 7

What are irregular bones?

Answer 7

Bones with complex shapes, these include the hip bones and vertebrae.

Question 8

What are sesamoid bones?

Answer 8

Small, round and flat, found near joints of the knee, hands and feet. Few people have sesamoid bones at every possible location with the expectation of kneecaps.

Question 9

How many bones are in the skeleton and what are the two main divisions?

Answer 9

Approximately 206 divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

Question 10

What is the axial skeleton?

Answer 10

The division of the skeleton which consists of the skull, vertebral column (spine) and thoracic cage (rib cage).
There is movement in the axial skeleton, flexibility depends of musculature and stabilising ligaments.

Question 11

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 11

The division of the skeleton which consists of all bones not included in the axial skeleton.
The pectoral girdle (shoulders), the pelvic girdle (pelvis), all limbs, fingers and toes.

Question 12

What are joints?

Answer 12

Joints are the connections between bones in the skeletal system.
They range from allowing no movement to allowing free movement.

Question 13

What are synovial joints?

Answer 13

The most abundant joints in the body, they are free moving joints.
They consist of the joint cavity called an articulating capsule that is filled with synovial fluid.
These joints also have articulating or fibrous cartilage to prevent bone to bone contact and friction.

Question 14

What are the six types of synovial joints?

Answer 14

1. Gliding
2. Hinge
3. Condyloid
4. Saddle
5. Pivot
6. Ball and socket

Question 15

What are gliding joints?

Answer 15

A type of synovial joint sometimes called a “plane joint” in which 2 flat bones articulate by gliding over each other giving limited movement.

Question 16

What are hinge joints?

Answer 16

A type of synovial joint consisting of a concave bone that articulates with a convex bone that allow for flexion and extension only.

Question 17

What are condyloid joints?

Answer 17

A type of synovial joint sometimes called an “ellipsoid joint” in which one bones has an oval protrusion that articulates with an elliptical shaped cavity.

Question 18

What is a saddle joint?

Answer 18

A type of synovial joint that is made up of two articulating bones with a horse and saddle shape respectively.

Question 19

What is a pivot joint?

Answer 19

A type of synovial joint in which a bone rotates within a ring that is formed by articulating bone and ligament. An example is the humeroradial joint in the elbow.

Question 20

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 20

A type of synovial joint in which a round bone articulates with a socket shaped cavity.

Question 21

What are muscles?

Answer 21

Bands of fibrous tissue that contract ultimately allowing animals to move and various other functions.

Question 22

What are the three types of muscle?

Answer 22

1. Skeletal muscle
2. Smooth muscle
3. Cardiac muscle

Question 23

What are skeletal muscles?

Answer 23

Striated muscles that are attached to bones which are controlled voluntarily.
Multinucleated, do not divide, new fibres are produced by stem cells after damage.

Question 24

What are smooth muscles?

Answer 24

Non-striated, involuntary control, found in organs, blood vessels and sphincters.
Can divide and regenerate.

Question 25

What are cardiac muscles?

Answer 25

Striated muscles found only in the heart, controlled involuntarily.
Form branching networks connected at intercalated discs (connections that allow synchronised contraction).

Question 26

What are the four main types of tissue in the human body?

Answer 26

1. Muscle tissue (found in the heart and body)
2. Connective tissue (found in the fat, bone and tendon)
3. Epithelial tissue (found in the epidermis and hollow organs)
4. Nerve tissue (found in nerves, brain and spine)

Question 27

What are the three classes of joints?

Answer 27

Fibrous (immobile, joint by fibrous tissue, primarily collagen), cartilaginous (joint by cartilage, partially mobile) and synovial (joint by an articulating capsule filled with synovial fluid, very mobile).

Question 28

What are the sections of a long bone called?

Answer 28

The shaft is called the diaphysis and the ends are called the epiphysis (lower/distal and upper/proximal).