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Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion.
  2. Mechanical processing: crushing and shearing.
  3. Chemical breakdown of food (or digestion).
  4. Secretion of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts.
  5. Absorption of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins & water.
  6. Excretion: removal of waste products.
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2
Q

List the 7 main organs in the digestive system.

A
  1. Oral cavity.
  2. Pharynx.
  3. Oesophagus (esophagus).
  4. Stomach.
  5. Small intestine.
  6. Large intestine.
  7. Accessory organs (liver and pancreases).
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3
Q

What are the 4 abdominal areas?

A
  1. Upper right.
  2. Upper left.
  3. Lower right.
  4. Lower left.
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4
Q

What digestive organs are primarily in the the upper right abdominal area?

A

Liver.

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5
Q

What digestive organs are primarily in the the upper left abdominal area?

A

Stomach.

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6
Q

What digestive organs are primarily in the the lower right and left abdominal areas?

A

Most of the small and large intestine.

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7
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A
  1. First stage of food processing and breakdown (mechanical).
  2. Stores food (known as chyme).
  3. Secretes acid and enzymes via secreting cells.
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8
Q

What supplies blood to the stomach?

A

Celiac trunk and gastric arteries of the abdominal aorta.

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9
Q

What digestive system organs are responsible for mechanical digestion?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and stomach.

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10
Q

What digestive system organs are responsible for chemical digestion?

A

Small intestine, large intestine, stomach.

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers of stomach smooth muscle called?

A
  1. Longitudinal layer.
  2. Circular layer.
  3. Oblique layer.
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12
Q

List the 6 main anatomical features of the stomach.

A
  1. Cardia (close to entrance).
  2. Body (Main bulk).
  3. Fundus (most superior portion).
  4. Greater curve (lateral surface).
  5. Lesser curve (medial surface).
  6. Pylorus (Tapered section near exit).
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13
Q

What are the 3 main sections of the small intestine in order?

A
  1. Duodenum (28cm).
  2. Jejunum (2.5m).
  3. Ileum (3.5m).
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14
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Mixes chyme from stomach with digestive secretions from pancreas and liver (uptake of iron).

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15
Q

What is the function of the jejunum?

A

Site of most chemical digestion & nutrient absorption.

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16
Q

What is the function of ileum?

A

Uptake of vitamin B12 & bile salts.

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17
Q

What supplies blood to the small intestine?

A

Superior mesenteric artery of the abdominal aorta.

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18
Q

What supplies blood to the large intestine?

A

Superior mesenteric for ascending colon and inferior mesenteric artery for descending colon. (both branch off abdominal aorta).

19
Q

What are the 4 main sections of the large intestine?

A
  1. Cecum - the pouch-like first portion (& appendix).
  2. Colon - the largest portion.
  3. Rectum - the last 15 cm (or the first if you catch my drift).
  4. Anus - Circular muscle that stops poop falling out your bum.
20
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the large intestine?

A
  1. Supports bacteria which further digest food.
  2. Absorption of bacteria, organic waste, bile salts, water.
  3. Compaction/drying the contents.
  4. Storage of faecal material prior to defecation.
21
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the pancreas in the digestive system?

A
  1. Exocrine secretion of bicarbonate ions which neutralize hydrochloric acid.
  2. Exocrine secretion of digestive enzymes (from Basophilic cells) for digesting fats & proteins.
  3. Glucose homeostasis.
22
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the liver in the digestive system?

A
  1. Metabolic regulation - Carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, wastes, vitamins, mineral storage, drug inactivation.
  2. Haematological regulation - Recycling of blood and storage of components.
  3. Production of emulsification bile.
23
Q

Define energetics (biology).

A

Study of energy relationships and energy transformations in living organisms.

24
Q

What are the 3 main steps of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis.
  2. Citric acid cycle.
  3. Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation).
25
Q

What is the main purpose of glycolysis?

A

Splitting glucose molecules to produce pyruvate for the citric acid cycle.

26
Q

What is the main purpose of the citric acid cycle?

A

Converting pyruvate molecules into acetyl CoA molecules that are converted in electron carrier molecules (NADH and FADH²).

27
Q

What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)?

A

Utilise electron carrier molecules to pump ions into the intermembrane space to create a electrochemical gradient.
This electrochemical gradient is used to push ions through and provide energy to the ATP synthase protein to produce ATP.

28
Q

How is lipid metabolism possible?

A

Lipids are broken down into large amounts of acetyl CoA via step-wise oxidation of fatty acids (beta-oxidation cycle).

29
Q

How are proteins metabolised by the body?

A
  1. Breaking down peptide bonds to create new proteins.

2. Can be used for energy through citric acid cycle.

30
Q

What is an absorptive metabolic state?

A

Occurs after a meal when your body is digesting the food and absorbing the nutrients (catabolism exceeds anabolism).

31
Q

What is a post-absorptive metabolic state?

A

After the absorptive state, metabolic reactions focus on conserving glucose, break down of amino acids and lipids.

32
Q

What is the importance of minerals in diet?

A
  1. Ions such as sodium, chloride and potassium determine osmotic concentrations of body fluids.
  2. Cofactors in many enzymatic reactions.
33
Q

What is the importance of vitamins in diet?

A
  1. Act as co-enzymes in some reactions.
34
Q

Vitamins are grouped according to their chemical structure and characteristics, what are the two groups?

A
  1. Fat soluble.

2. Water soluble.

35
Q

What is the main characteristic of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Stored reserves in the body that last serval months.

36
Q

What is the main characteristic of water soluble vitamins?

A

Required in diet every day due to no reserves as excess is excreted in urine.

37
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

Sum of all anabolic and catabolic processes in the body, changes according to actively.

38
Q

Define “Basal Metabolic Rate”

A

Is the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake and alert person.

39
Q

Define “Thermoregulation”

A

Regulation of body temperature.

40
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of thermoregulation?

A
  1. Radiation.
  2. Conduction (transfer through physical contact).
  3. Convection (conductive heat loss to air at body surfaces).
  4. Evaporation.
41
Q

What makes up a balanced diet?

A
  1. Essential amino acids.
  2. Fatty acids.
  3. Minerals/vitamins.
  4. Substrate for energy generation.
  5. Water.
  6. Bulk/roughage.
42
Q

What is the major influencer of basal metabolic rate?

A

Lean body mass.

43
Q

Waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel materials along the digestive tract are called?

A

Peristalsis.

Anatomy and Physiology BIO10004 (13 decks)

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