week 8: memory and reality

Question 1

source monitoring

Answer 1

• ability to keep track of where our memories came from
• require integrating source and content into common memory trace
• dif brain region than memory retrieval

Question 2

t or f: source monitoring requires conscious awareness of of the original source

Answer 2

false, accurate source judgements are regularly made using vague and partial info associated w feelings of familiarity

Question 3

integration of info involves the ____, search for source info involves the ____ and ___ and info retrieval involves the ____ and ____

Answer 3

• integration: hippocampus
• search for source: anterior prefrontal cortex, posterior hippocampal activities
• info retrieval: temporal lobes, parietal lobes when conscious

Question 4

types of source info general

Answer 4

• perceptual
• contextual
• semantic detail/affective info
• cognitive operations

Question 5

types of source info: perceptual

Answer 5

• memories we experienced often have more perceptual detail than events we imagine or hear about
  from others

Question 6

types of source info: contextual

Answer 6

Expectancies and contextual
information about the initial memory acquisition

Question 7

types of source info: semantic detail/affective info

Answer 7

• how mentally or emotionally involved in the event you are
• amount of semantic detail or affective information can be diagnostic of a memory’s source
• source info is weaker fro emotional memories

Question 8

types of source info: cognitive operations

Answer 8

The amount or kind of cognitive
operations you engaged in during initial learning

Question 9

t or f: memories are better fro info from unexpected sources

Answer 9

false, expected sources

Question 10

internal source monitoring

Answer 10

• distinguishing between actions we thought about or actually did

Question 11

external source monitoring

Answer 11

• distinguishing between two external sources

Question 12

reality monitoring

Answer 12

• distinguishing between memories for events that happened or those that were imagined

Question 13

source monitoring errors

Answer 13

• mistaking imagined events for real ones
• biases (falsely attribute sources that reinforce our decisions)

Question 14

how can repeated retreival of imagined memories induce error

Answer 14

through introducing perception like qualities (think suggestibility)

Question 15

cryptomnesia

Answer 15

• unconscious plagiarism
• when ppl come up with ideas they think are their own but in fact were encountered in the past (possibly reality source monitoring error)
• worse when ppl elaborate
• take credit for others og ideas when they build on it

Question 16

false fame

Answer 16

• misattribution of source based on prior experiences
• tendency to think ppl are famous or more famous than they are bc their names are familiar
• mere exposure effects
• effects are greater when left overnight before retesting

Question 17

sleeper effects

Answer 17

• misattribution of source with passage of time
• when ppl hear propaganda from a source of either high/low credibility
• if source has low cred, ppl disregard it but after time they can remember it as more credible
• first unreasonable becomes reasonable with time

Question 18

wishful thinking bias

Answer 18

• tendency to misremember desirable info as having come from a reliable source and undesirable info from an unreliable one

Question 19

drm paradigm

Answer 19

• deese roediger mcdermott
• word list learning, ppl remember words that were not on the list but fit with the theme
• can occur in as little as 4 seconds
• false memories stay overtime and are more probable to recall than the real words

Question 20

t or f: pictures and drawing increases DRM effects

Answer 20

true for drawing not for pictures

Question 21

drm effects in the brain

Answer 21

• false memory words: inferior temp cortex, precuneus, anterior cingulate cortex, inferior prefrontal cortex
• memory (forgetting): inferior prefrontal cortex, hippocampus

Question 22

faulty integration

Answer 22

• many events can be misremembered as one, meaning they integrated erroneously
• events seem like they should go together.

Question 23

implanted memories

Answer 23

• explicitly convey false memories
• info is introduced in a way that makes ppl adopt the memory as a real event from their lives
• alters behaviour and habits (ie foods)
• our offloaded external memories are altered it can alter our internal memories
• more likely for plausible events

Question 24

imagination inflation

Answer 24

• when imagining increases likelihood of implanted memories
• stronger w first person and repetition

Question 25

illusory truth effects

Answer 25

- repetition makes things seem more believable

Question 26

misinformation effects

Answer 26

- ppl alter memory reports to conform to incorrect info that was recently encountered and which contradicts prior semantic knowledge - ex. story contains fictional info, but ppl will say they remember from before the story

Question 27

social influences on false memory

Answer 27

- properties which move the likelihood of false memory - more likely if: other ppl say they saw event (social contagion), extrovert says to introvert, more prone to dissociative experiences (ie intoxicated) - collaboration doesnt change incidence of false memory

Question 28

emotion in false memory

Answer 28

- negative emotion words increases false memory, emo content encourages ppl to rely on more gist-based processing - positive emotion decreases false memory

Question 29

t or f: false memories are more likely in ppl who are in a negative mood and less likely in ppl in a positive mood

Answer 29

false, the opposite is true because positive=gist based or relational processing whereas neg=item-specific processing

Question 30

verbal overshadowing

Answer 30

- general verbal descriptions and labels can disrupt or change visual memories - when you talk out loud you can change your visual image of what happened - occurs in generating a description

Question 31

revelation effect

Answer 31

- bc youve been thinking about it for some time, it feels more familiar - as a consequence of revelation process, people are more likely to recognize info as old - for both old and new info - increase with greater delays before test - increased when relying on familiarity instead of recollection - increased w prior encounters in other implicit tasks

Question 32

new accurate info recalled under hypnosis can be compared to what recall phenomenon

Answer 32

hypernesia

Question 33

memory blending

Answer 33

- info from different memories are blended during retrieval

Question 34

confabulation

Answer 34

- generation of false memories following brain damage - frontal lobe damage (central executive) - often bizarre and demonstrably false - can be cued by objects in enviro - failure to monitor retrieval - mainly EM