week 2: methods and principals Flashcards
different types of recall in a recall task
forces, free, and cued (report target word)
exceptions to steady forgetting
- reminiscence: info once forgotten is later remembered, common in free recall
- hypermnesia: memory increase overtime, items gained>items lost
t or f: memory is often better for intentional than incidental learning
true
3AFC
three alternative forced choice recognition (giving other similar examples)
direct vs indirect tasks
- direct: explicit memory processes, direct prompt memory reports (ex fill in word w smth you learned earlier)
- indirect: implicit memory processes, focus people attention on other aspects of task (ex fill in word w smth not learned earlier)
levels of processing
- depth at which information is processed during encoding significantly impacts how well it is remembered, with deeper processing leading to better memory retention
what is it called when you simply repeat info to memorize
rote rehearsal
what is it called when you make connections and generate knowledge to build on what is given
elaborative rehearsal, leads to better processing
Process dissociation procedure
method that separates conscious and unconscious memory contributions. It’s used to estimate how much of a task’s performance is due to conscious control versus automatic processes
commissions in recall tasks
- words reported that were not present
- related to false memory
in recognition task accuracy, what are the 4 possible outcomes
hit, miss, correct rejection, false alarm
passive learning
- attention is directed but no explicit instruction
what level of processing is more likely incidental and what is more likely intentional?
accidental=shallow/rote
intentional=deep/elaborative
dual coding
- memories are stored in at least 2 different forms
- mental image and verbal linguistic code
forgetting curve
- more time passed, the less ppl will remember
- most info is forgotten right after it is learned
theories for hypermnesia
- cumulative retrieval hypothesis (two retrieval tests are considered one but wth gap in middle)
- cue set change hypothesis (cues change overtime and uses previous cues/memories to remember more)
- retrieval practice hypothesis (initial retrieval of memory strengthens them)
- retrieval strategy hypothesis (improved strategies)
examples of active engagement/learning
- choosing (one or another; which is better fit)
- survival (how relevant in survival sitch)
- generation (generate words that complete pair)
- enactment (better memory when we perform tasks rather than watch)
- production (saying aloud is better)
automaticity of encoding
- info is remembered w little effort
mirror effect (recall accuracy)
- conditions that decreased hit rates are accompanied by increased false alarm rates and vise versa
how fast your mind does something is mental ______
chronometry
inter item delays
- people reporting burst of items then a pause then burst more etc
hindsight bias
tendency to distort memories to conform to ones current goals, circumstances, or knowledge
process dissociation procedure
- method for separating implicit and explicit memory
