week 1: history Flashcards
1
Q
memorability definition
A
- likelihood that specific info will be encoded, stored, and successfully retrieved from memory
- built in intrinsic characteristic of stimuli
- consistent across people
- can be manipulated
2
Q
mnemicity definition
A
- distinguishes memory from imagining
- how does mental rep become understood as a memory
3
Q
three basic definitions of memory
A
- as a location (where info is kept)
- as a container (holds contents of our experiences aka engram)
- as a process (acquire, store, and retrieve info)
4
Q
learning generally
A
- ppl’s potential to alter behaviour bc of exposure to regularities in enviro
5
Q
plato view on memory
A
- rationalist/dualist
- thoughts instead of empirical observations
- memory acted as a bridge between perceptual and rational world
- memory as wax tablet
6
Q
Aristotle view on memory
A
- empiricist/monist
- empirical observations of reality is more critical
- memories are associations between stimuli and experiences
7
Q
aristotle 3 laws of association
A
similarity, contrast, contiguity
8
Q
british empiricists views on memory
A
memories are associations among stim and experiences
9
Q
darwin on memory
A
- natural selection, allows for use of animal models for memory
- memory evolved to capture characteristics of the enviro and perform tasks
- experiences shape memory but all memories are driven by biologically constructed brain
10
Q
william james
A
- father of american psychology
- types of memory: primary (current) and secondary (distant past)
- tip of the tongue
11
Q
richard semon
A
- delevoped terms: mnemic trace, engram, ecphory
12
Q
hermann ebbinghaus
A
- discovered learning curves, primacy/recency, distributed/massed, forgetting curves
- memory independent of prior knowledge
13
Q
empiricists ideas os that memory is composed of ______
A
associations (built up from environment)
14
Q
learning curve
A
- idea that there is a period of time for info to be memorized
15
Q
overlearning
A
continuing to study after perfect retrieval is reached
16
Q
GE muller
A
- idea that memories are unstable and impermanent
- preservation of memories
- retroactive interference
17
Q
sir fredrick bartlett
A
- memory as reconstructive
- how does prior knowledge influence memory (bias, schema)
18
Q
reductionism
A
complex phenomena can be explained by understanding simpler/more fundamental phenomena
19
Q
gestalt movement
A
- whole is different/more than the sum of its parts
- mental representation are isomorphic (analogous to structure and function of info in the world)
20
Q
behaviourism
A
- conditioning (classical and operant)
- belief that we should only study what we can observe
20
Q
tolman’s mental maps
A
- molar/purposive behaviourist
- reinforced behaviours or internal reps
- bc rats adapted to change quickly, he suggested they had mental reps in their memory called mental maps, which the rats consolidated to adapt to maze changes
21
Q
___ conditioning allows people to prepare for contingencies present in enviro and ____ conditioning allows one to remember consequences of one’s actions
A
classical, operant
22
Q
paired associations
A
- calkins
- comes from verbal learning tradition
- ppl memorize pairs of items (words/letters) and tasked to remember the second in the pair (response) based on the first (stimuli)
- ## assessing effect of interference of prior learning on new learning
23
Q
lashley and engram
A
- engram=neural reps of of memory
- put rats in maze, removed parts of their brain, then put them back
- rats performed better than rats new to maze regardless of what part was removed
24
hebb's neural organization
- neurons that fire together wire together
- continued co stim leads to increases in connection strength
- two stage encoding process: neural excitation reverberates around cell assemblies, and interconnectons between neurons change and grow stronger
25
george miller
- magic number (7+/-2)
- human mind as info processor
- quantified short term memory capacity and how it could b expanded
26
modal model primary components
- sensory registers (collection of memory stores)
- short term store (<1min, currently in conscious awareness, small capacity)
- long term store
- control processes (manipulate info in STM, rehearsing/transfering info to LTM etc, active participant in reality)
27
three components of triarchic theory
- non-declarative/procedural (anoetic consciousness, difficult to articulate)
- semantic (noteic consciousness, general)
- episodic (autonoetic consciousness, specific)
28
triarchic theory in general
-memory has dif subcomponents that handle dif elements
- each build on one underneath
29
noetic
thinking
30
division of long term storage (declarative and non declarative)
- declarative: semantic, episodic
- non-declarative: procedural, implicit
