week 2: short term and working memory Flashcards
iconic memory
- visual sensory register for extremely brief memory for ‘icons
- ex lighting lingering in the sky
- approx. 4-5 items (more if semantically related)
echoic memory
- auditory sensory register for somewhat brief memory for ‘echos’
- more stored than iconic memory- - - approx 4 seconds
haptic sensory memory
- tactile sensory register for changes in pressure and temp
- approx 1.3 seconds
trans-saccadic memory
neural process that allows people to perceive the world as a unified image, even when their eyes move
how does chunking increase STM capacity
- redintegration (chunks stored in LTM and used to reconstruct info in STM)
- data compression (info recoded into chunks w fewer bits of info, stored in STM)
what leads to forgetting in STM
- decay: passage of time, breakdown of neural connections
- interference: new info compete w, blocks, or replaces info already in STM
without active attention, info in STM is largely forgotten within _______ seconds
30
theories about how ppl search STM during retrieval
- parallel search: all items in STM are concurrently available in conscious awareness in parallel
- serial self-terminating search: ppl go through items in STM one by one and stop when they get to target
- serial exhaustive search: ppl go through STM one by one but only stop after entire set
how does order of info presented impact retrieval
primacy effect: better memory for items at beginning of set (more opportunity to be rehearsed)
recency effect: better memory for items at end of set (not interfered w later info)
serial position curve
- U-shaped function, with memory being better for info at beginning and end of a set whereas info in the middle is less well remembered
Suffix effects
when extra information after the list disrupts recency
suffix effect
recency effect is diminished when extra info is presented at the end of a list (ex saying ‘go’)
chaining, positional, and ordinal models
chaining: assumption that in STM there are series of associative links and order info is recovered by moving along the chain
ordinal: order is captured by info abt where item occurs along dimension relative to others (misremember things in same chunk than dif chunk)
positional: serial order is conveyed by associating item w position in sequence
baddeley’s multicomponent model components
- phonological loop
- visuo-spacial sketchpad
- central executive
- episodic buffer
phonological loop
- component for verbal and acoustic info
- two parts: articulatory loop (active rehearsal) and phonological store (temp. storehouse)
effects against phonological loop
- articulatory suppression: talking while attempting to store info reduces capacity
- irrelevent speech effect:listening to speech reduces capacity
- phonological similar effect:similar sounding words effect
- lexical effect: LTM can be used to support working memory (words vs non words)
- word length/syllables effect: worse for longer words/more syllables
Visuospacial sketchpad
- construction, maintenance and manipulation of mental images that are related to perception
- constantly decay unless refreshed
boundary extension (visuospatial sketchpad)
- memory for details that werent actually seen, based on what we think was there
- surrounding spaced filled by vss
perceived motion in visuospatial sketchpad
- dynamic memory: interpretation of real and perceived motion in sketchpad
- representational momentum : ppl misremember things as farther along path
- representational gravity: spatial position moves toward earth
- representational friction: inverse of momentum (slowing)
episodic buffer
stitches info from long term memory with other components
- requires attention / executive resources
central executive
- allocates attentional resources
- responsible for thinking
- arousal influences available resources
cowans embedded process model
- activated memory instead of working memory
- Wm as an active part of LTM
- scope and control of attention
complex span measures (for WM)
- reading span (remember last word from each sentence 2-6 sentences)
- comprehension span: same as reading but make decisions abt sensibility
- operation span: math probs then remember a word
- spatial span: indicate if rotated letter are mirrored
- n-Back test: does current item match one n items ago
engle’s controlled attention model
- scope (how many things captured at a time) and control (how effective control of where it is directed) of attention
- WM is the info active in memory
