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Psychology of Crime > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A learning process whereby two stimuli are repeatedly paired and result in a neutral (conditioned) stimulus being able to evoke the response originally evoked by the other (unconditioned) stimulus

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning and Crime

A

Past deviant behaviour that repeatedly occurs in the presence of a particular environmental cues can produce classical conditioning responses that may motivate crime
EG. Deviant sexual preferences

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3
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

The capacity of the stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke the same, conditioned response

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4
Q

Why might a classically conditioned conscience may not develop

A
  1. Absent or inconsistent punishment
  2. Poor Conditionality

Conditionability
- The degree to which classical conditioning responses can be easily and strongly formed in a person

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5
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A learning process whereby anticipated consequences influence voluntary behavioural choices

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6
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Administering Something plesant

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7
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removing something unpleasant

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8
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Administering something unpleasent

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9
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Removing something plesant

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10
Q

Reinforcement Schedules

A

The rules under which appropriate responses are reinforced

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11
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Always Rewarding

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12
Q

Intermittent Reinforcement

A

Not rewarding every time - Three days a week

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13
Q

Extinction

A

A process that occurs when reinforcement is discontinued and responding subsequently diminished until it stops

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14
Q

Why the criminal justice system fails

A
  • Punishment severity is gradually increased
  • Punishment is delayed
  • punishment is inconsistent
  • Offending behaviours are not replaced with acceptable behaviour
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15
Q

Observational Learning

A

A learning process whereby a person acquires a new behaviour after seeing it preformed by someone else

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16
Q

Imitation

A
  • The process of replicating an observed behaviour
  • Imitation is influenced by reinforcement
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17
Q

Model

A

The person performing a behaviour observed and learned by someone else

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18
Q

Acquisition

A

The process of paying attention to and memorizing and observed behaviour

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19
Q

Direct Reinforcement

A

Personally Experienced

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20
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement

A

Other people are observed experiencing or are known to have experienced

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21
Q

The effects of observing violent media

A

Studies on the effects of observing violent media reveal mixed results; appears to be a small, positive relationship

22
Q

Influential Factors

A

Viewer characteristics
- Identifies with the violent character
- Aggressive Personality

Media Characteristics
- Depicts violence as justified
- Fails to show the unpleasant consequences of violence
- Depictions of violence perceived to be real-life

23
Q

Moral Reasoning

A

The analytical process used to arrive at decisions about what is right and wrong

24
Q

Level 1 Pre-Conventional

A

Right and wrong are determined by the anticipated rewards or punishments

25
Q

Level 2 Conventional

A

Right and wrong are deter-mined by the expectations of other significant people, such as family members, close friends, or society at large

26
Q

Level 3 Post-Conventional

A

Right and wrong are determined by an individuals own principles of equality, justice, and respect for human rights

27
Q

Why does pre-conventional moral reasoning dominate among juvenile delinquents

A

Low moral reasoners are more sensitive to their environment so they tend to offend whenever it is rewarding

28
Q

Incarceration impeded moral development

A

It surrounds the offender with pre-conventional moral reasons which impedes development to higher levels

29
Q

Moral disengagement

A

A process in which people employ a variety of psychological mechanisms to avoid the negative feelings they might otherwise experience as a result of violating their moral standards

30
Q

Criminal Thinking

A

Cognitive processes and content that facilitate the initiation and continuation of offending behaviour

31
Q

Criminal thinking Styles

A

Persistent criminals exhibit cognitive errors that promote and justify their continued criminal conduct

32
Q

Mollification

A

The process if rationalizing criminal behaviour and avoiding responsibility by blaming it on other external factors and perceived injustices

33
Q

Cutoff

A

A psychological mechanism for ignoring the fears and anxiety associated with offending that might otherwise serve as a deterrent

Internal - “Not risked, nothing gained”

External - Drug use prior to offence

34
Q

Entitlement

A

The belief that the rules do not apply and that one has the right to do or take anything

35
Q

Power Orientation

A

The view is that the world can be divided into people who exert power and control over others and those who are weak and submissive

36
Q

Excitation Transfer Theory

A

Residual arousal from one situation is mistakenly attributed to a persons current situation where it is mislabeled, possibly driving inappropriate behaviour

37
Q

Frustration

A

The state produced when a person is blocked from reaching an anticipated goal

Frustration — Aggression

38
Q

Cognitive Neoassociation Model

A

Aversive Event - Negative Affect - Fight or flight (POSSIBILITY OF REACTIVE VIOLENCE - Initial phase) - Differeited feelings - More considered (second phase)

39
Q

Social Information Processing

A

Human behaviour reflects the social cues perceived and the manner in which this information is cognitively processed

Like a computer
Data input (Social Cues) - Computer processing (Cognitive Processing) - Output (Behaviour)

40
Q

Encoding Process

A

The process of perceiving and organizing incoming stimuli such as social cues

41
Q

Potential Error/Bias

A

The tendency to seek out, focus on, and remember aggressive social cues

42
Q

Interpretation Process

A

Integrating available social cues and other information to form an understanding of the situation

43
Q

Potential Error/Bias

A

Hostile attribution bias

44
Q

Response search process

A

Long-term memory is search for a suitable script for responding to the situation

45
Q

Potential Error/Bias

A

Few scripts are retrieved; the scripts retrieved are less effective and involve inappropriate responses

46
Q

Response Evaluation Process

A

A script is enacted if it is perceived to be the most appropriate choice after evaluation

47
Q

Considerations for the response evaluation process

A
  • Fit with personal values
  • Chances of a desirable outcome
  • ability to enact
48
Q

Potential Error/Bias

A

The evaluation is omitted; the person possesses antisocial values; the person is incapable of enacting a more appropriate response

49
Q

Stimulation Factors

A

Features, events, or social interactions that characterize a persons surrounding circumstances

50
Q

Deindividuation

A

A psychological state characterized by a loss of individual identity, self-awareness, and self-evaluation, which is often associated with being immersed in large groups

51
Q

Traditional View

A

Behavioural becomes deregulated; antisocial behaviour emerges

52
Q

Social Identity View

A

Behavioural becomes more socially regulated; individuals adopt the behavioural norms of the group

Psychology of Crime (12 decks)

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