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Psychology of Crime > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A learning process whereby two stimuli are repeatedly paired and result in a neutral (conditioned) stimulus being able to evoke the response originally evoked by the other (unconditioned) stimulus

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning and Crime

A

Past deviant behaviour that repeatedly occurs in the presence of a particular environmental cues can produce classical conditioning responses that may motivate crime
EG. Deviant sexual preferences

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3
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

The capacity of the stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke the same, conditioned response

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4
Q

Why might a classically conditioned conscience may not develop

A
  1. Absent or inconsistent punishment
  2. Poor Conditionality

Conditionability
- The degree to which classical conditioning responses can be easily and strongly formed in a person

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5
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A learning process whereby anticipated consequences influence voluntary behavioural choices

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6
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Administering Something plesant

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7
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removing something unpleasant

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8
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Administering something unpleasent

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9
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Removing something plesant

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10
Q

Reinforcement Schedules

A

The rules under which appropriate responses are reinforced

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11
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Always Rewarding

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12
Q

Intermittent Reinforcement

A

Not rewarding every time - Three days a week

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13
Q

Extinction

A

A process that occurs when reinforcement is discontinued and responding subsequently diminished until it stops

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14
Q

Why the criminal justice system fails

A
  • Punishment severity is gradually increased
  • Punishment is delayed
  • punishment is inconsistent
  • Offending behaviours are not replaced with acceptable behaviour
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15
Q

Observational Learning

A

A learning process whereby a person acquires a new behaviour after seeing it preformed by someone else

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16
Q

Imitation

A
  • The process of replicating an observed behaviour
  • Imitation is influenced by reinforcement
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17
Q

Model

A

The person performing a behaviour observed and learned by someone else

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18
Q

Acquisition

A

The process of paying attention to and memorizing and observed behaviour

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19
Q

Direct Reinforcement

A

Personally Experienced

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20
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement

A

Other people are observed experiencing or are known to have experienced

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21
Q

The effects of observing violent media

A

Studies on the effects of observing violent media reveal mixed results; appears to be a small, positive relationship

22
Q

Influential Factors

A

Viewer characteristics
- Identifies with the violent character
- Aggressive Personality

Media Characteristics
- Depicts violence as justified
- Fails to show the unpleasant consequences of violence
- Depictions of violence perceived to be real-life

23
Q

Moral Reasoning

A

The analytical process used to arrive at decisions about what is right and wrong

24
Q

Level 1 Pre-Conventional

A

Right and wrong are determined by the anticipated rewards or punishments

25
Level 2 Conventional
Right and wrong are deter-mined by the expectations of other significant people, such as family members, close friends, or society at large
26
Level 3 Post-Conventional
Right and wrong are determined by an individuals own principles of equality, justice, and respect for human rights
27
Why does pre-conventional moral reasoning dominate among juvenile delinquents
Low moral reasoners are more sensitive to their environment so they tend to offend whenever it is rewarding
28
Incarceration impeded moral development
It surrounds the offender with pre-conventional moral reasons which impedes development to higher levels
29
Moral disengagement
A process in which people employ a variety of psychological mechanisms to avoid the negative feelings they might otherwise experience as a result of violating their moral standards
30
Criminal Thinking
Cognitive processes and content that facilitate the initiation and continuation of offending behaviour
31
Criminal thinking Styles
Persistent criminals exhibit cognitive errors that promote and justify their continued criminal conduct
32
Mollification
The process if rationalizing criminal behaviour and avoiding responsibility by blaming it on other external factors and perceived injustices
33
Cutoff
A psychological mechanism for ignoring the fears and anxiety associated with offending that might otherwise serve as a deterrent Internal - "Not risked, nothing gained" External - Drug use prior to offence
34
Entitlement
The belief that the rules do not apply and that one has the right to do or take anything
35
Power Orientation
The view is that the world can be divided into people who exert power and control over others and those who are weak and submissive
36
Excitation Transfer Theory
Residual arousal from one situation is mistakenly attributed to a persons current situation where it is mislabeled, possibly driving inappropriate behaviour
37
Frustration
The state produced when a person is blocked from reaching an anticipated goal Frustration --- Aggression
38
Cognitive Neoassociation Model
Aversive Event - Negative Affect - Fight or flight (POSSIBILITY OF REACTIVE VIOLENCE - Initial phase) - Differeited feelings - More considered (second phase)
39
Social Information Processing
Human behaviour reflects the social cues perceived and the manner in which this information is cognitively processed Like a computer Data input (Social Cues) - Computer processing (Cognitive Processing) - Output (Behaviour)
40
Encoding Process
The process of perceiving and organizing incoming stimuli such as social cues
41
Potential Error/Bias
The tendency to seek out, focus on, and remember aggressive social cues
42
Interpretation Process
Integrating available social cues and other information to form an understanding of the situation
43
Potential Error/Bias
Hostile attribution bias
44
Response search process
Long-term memory is search for a suitable script for responding to the situation
45
Potential Error/Bias
Few scripts are retrieved; the scripts retrieved are less effective and involve inappropriate responses
46
Response Evaluation Process
A script is enacted if it is perceived to be the most appropriate choice after evaluation
47
Considerations for the response evaluation process
- Fit with personal values - Chances of a desirable outcome - ability to enact
48
Potential Error/Bias
The evaluation is omitted; the person possesses antisocial values; the person is incapable of enacting a more appropriate response
49
Stimulation Factors
Features, events, or social interactions that characterize a persons surrounding circumstances
50
Deindividuation
A psychological state characterized by a loss of individual identity, self-awareness, and self-evaluation, which is often associated with being immersed in large groups
51
Traditional View
Behavioural becomes deregulated; antisocial behaviour emerges
52
Social Identity View
Behavioural becomes more socially regulated; individuals adopt the behavioural norms of the group

Psychology of Crime (12 decks)

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