Week 8 Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
A learning process whereby two stimuli are repeatedly paired and result in a neutral (conditioned) stimulus being able to evoke the response originally evoked by the other (unconditioned) stimulus
Classical Conditioning and Crime
Past deviant behaviour that repeatedly occurs in the presence of a particular environmental cues can produce classical conditioning responses that may motivate crime
EG. Deviant sexual preferences
Stimulus Generalization
The capacity of the stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke the same, conditioned response
Why might a classically conditioned conscience may not develop
- Absent or inconsistent punishment
- Poor Conditionality
Conditionability
- The degree to which classical conditioning responses can be easily and strongly formed in a person
Operant Conditioning
A learning process whereby anticipated consequences influence voluntary behavioural choices
Positive Reinforcement
Administering Something plesant
Negative Reinforcement
Removing something unpleasant
Positive Punishment
Administering something unpleasent
Negative Punishment
Removing something plesant
Reinforcement Schedules
The rules under which appropriate responses are reinforced
Continuous Reinforcement
Always Rewarding
Intermittent Reinforcement
Not rewarding every time - Three days a week
Extinction
A process that occurs when reinforcement is discontinued and responding subsequently diminished until it stops
Why the criminal justice system fails
- Punishment severity is gradually increased
- Punishment is delayed
- punishment is inconsistent
- Offending behaviours are not replaced with acceptable behaviour
Observational Learning
A learning process whereby a person acquires a new behaviour after seeing it preformed by someone else
Imitation
- The process of replicating an observed behaviour
- Imitation is influenced by reinforcement
Model
The person performing a behaviour observed and learned by someone else
Acquisition
The process of paying attention to and memorizing and observed behaviour
Direct Reinforcement
Personally Experienced
Vicarious Reinforcement
Other people are observed experiencing or are known to have experienced
The effects of observing violent media
Studies on the effects of observing violent media reveal mixed results; appears to be a small, positive relationship
Influential Factors
Viewer characteristics
- Identifies with the violent character
- Aggressive Personality
Media Characteristics
- Depicts violence as justified
- Fails to show the unpleasant consequences of violence
- Depictions of violence perceived to be real-life
Moral Reasoning
The analytical process used to arrive at decisions about what is right and wrong
Level 1 Pre-Conventional
Right and wrong are determined by the anticipated rewards or punishments
Level 2 Conventional
Right and wrong are deter-mined by the expectations of other significant people, such as family members, close friends, or society at large
Level 3 Post-Conventional
Right and wrong are determined by an individuals own principles of equality, justice, and respect for human rights
Why does pre-conventional moral reasoning dominate among juvenile delinquents
Low moral reasoners are more sensitive to their environment so they tend to offend whenever it is rewarding
Incarceration impeded moral development
It surrounds the offender with pre-conventional moral reasons which impedes development to higher levels
Moral disengagement
A process in which people employ a variety of psychological mechanisms to avoid the negative feelings they might otherwise experience as a result of violating their moral standards
Criminal Thinking
Cognitive processes and content that facilitate the initiation and continuation of offending behaviour
Criminal thinking Styles
Persistent criminals exhibit cognitive errors that promote and justify their continued criminal conduct
Mollification
The process if rationalizing criminal behaviour and avoiding responsibility by blaming it on other external factors and perceived injustices
Cutoff
A psychological mechanism for ignoring the fears and anxiety associated with offending that might otherwise serve as a deterrent
Internal - “Not risked, nothing gained”
External - Drug use prior to offence
Entitlement
The belief that the rules do not apply and that one has the right to do or take anything
Power Orientation
The view is that the world can be divided into people who exert power and control over others and those who are weak and submissive
Excitation Transfer Theory
Residual arousal from one situation is mistakenly attributed to a persons current situation where it is mislabeled, possibly driving inappropriate behaviour
Frustration
The state produced when a person is blocked from reaching an anticipated goal
Frustration — Aggression
Cognitive Neoassociation Model
Aversive Event - Negative Affect - Fight or flight (POSSIBILITY OF REACTIVE VIOLENCE - Initial phase) - Differeited feelings - More considered (second phase)
Social Information Processing
Human behaviour reflects the social cues perceived and the manner in which this information is cognitively processed
Like a computer
Data input (Social Cues) - Computer processing (Cognitive Processing) - Output (Behaviour)
Encoding Process
The process of perceiving and organizing incoming stimuli such as social cues
Potential Error/Bias
The tendency to seek out, focus on, and remember aggressive social cues
Interpretation Process
Integrating available social cues and other information to form an understanding of the situation
Potential Error/Bias
Hostile attribution bias
Response search process
Long-term memory is search for a suitable script for responding to the situation
Potential Error/Bias
Few scripts are retrieved; the scripts retrieved are less effective and involve inappropriate responses
Response Evaluation Process
A script is enacted if it is perceived to be the most appropriate choice after evaluation
Considerations for the response evaluation process
- Fit with personal values
- Chances of a desirable outcome
- ability to enact
Potential Error/Bias
The evaluation is omitted; the person possesses antisocial values; the person is incapable of enacting a more appropriate response
Stimulation Factors
Features, events, or social interactions that characterize a persons surrounding circumstances
Deindividuation
A psychological state characterized by a loss of individual identity, self-awareness, and self-evaluation, which is often associated with being immersed in large groups
Traditional View
Behavioural becomes deregulated; antisocial behaviour emerges
Social Identity View
Behavioural becomes more socially regulated; individuals adopt the behavioural norms of the group
