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Psychology of Crime > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuropsychology

A

The study of the brain, its function and its role in behaviours and psychological processes

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2
Q

Two general areas of the brain

A

Cerebral Cortex

Subcortex

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3
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Outer areas of the brain, Relatively recent origin in evolutionary terms
  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Abstract Cognitive function
  • If you can a bad mark this would be you acting upon it for example sending an email
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4
Q

Subcortex

A
  • Older brain structure, Primal functions
  • Generates emotion - frustration
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5
Q

Brain Plasticity

A

The brain’s ability to change structure and function to develop new neural connections

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6
Q

Personality and Emotion

A

Apathy - Being emotionally flat (not caring)
Emotional Lability - Emotions change very fast

Contributions to violence
Poor inhibitory Control
- Emotional reactions to events are exaggerated and, due to poor inhibitory control, frequently precipitate inappropriate behavioural responses

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7
Q

Behavioural Production and Management

A

Difficulty anticipating, planning, and sequencing behaviours
Difficulty inhibiting behaviour
Difficulty shifting or adapting behaviour

Contributions to Violence
Poor Planning Abilities
-Difficulties planning and adjusting behavioural mean responses often prove to be ineffective and a source of frustration that leads to inappropriate behavioural reactions

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8
Q

Two ways in which the frontal lobe creates aggressive behaviour

A

Behavioural Rigidity
- Inflexible and persistent responding means violence may continue to be inflicted long after the victim has stopped resisting

Interpersonal Inappropriateness
- Poor self-monitoring and interpersonal insensitivity may provoke social ridicule or angry reactions from others

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9
Q

The limbic system

A

Interconnected subcortical brain structures
- Responsible for survival drives
- Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Mating
- Emotion

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10
Q

The Amygdala

A

Subcortical structure in the limbic system
Emotional Information processing; Somatic Emotional Memory

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11
Q

Fight or Flight Response

A

The body’s response to anxiety or fear-inducing environmental situations

Decisions to either flee from danger or respond with aggression to protect one’s self

Emotional information about potential threats is sent to the amygdala

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that convey “information” in the form of an electrically charged signal from neuron to neuron, and from brain structure to brain structure

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13
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter that operates like a biochemical ditch, activating another neurotransmitter system

it is involved in approach-oriented or exploratory behaviours and pleasure-seeking actions

Higher levels of dopamine are associated with higher levels of aggression

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14
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Plays a role in a number of functions governed by the automatic nervous system, including the flight or flight response

Higher levels of norepinephrine are associated with higher levels of aggression

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15
Q

Serotonin

A

Plays a role in several emotional and behavioural processes, including mood, appetite and sleep regulation and behavioural inhibition

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16
Q

Behavioural Activation System

A

“Engine if Behavioural”

Activates approach behaviours in response to cues for reward or non-punishment

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Limbric system

17
Q

Behavioural Inhibition System

A

“Behavioural braking system”

Signals punishment non-reward, novel stimuli, and innate fear stimuli

Regulates responsiveness to aversive stimuli

Serotonin, Frontal lobe, Prefrontal cortex

18
Q

Hemispheric Asymmetry

A

The asymmetrical distribution of lateralization of particular functions, such as language and verbal skills, to one hemisphere of the brain

19
Q

Hemispheric Asymmetry

A

Violent offenders evidence deficits in the left hemisphere activation

Deficits in left hemisphere activation result in problems with language comprehension, processing, and communion, leading to difficulties in interpersonal encounters

20
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical Messengers participate in the regulation of several vital bodily functions including growth, metabolism, and sexual development

Sex hormones
Stress hormones

The Endocrine System

21
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Hormones responsible for the regulation of reproduction and the development of male and female sexual characteristics

22
Q

Testosterone

A

An androgen responsible for the development of male sex characteristics

its not related to aggression

23
Q

Hormones

A

Challenge Hypothesis
- Male testosterone levels will rise in situations that challenge reproductive success or mating

Social Dominance
- Social behavioural designed to achieve higher ranking for status in social peer groups

24
Q

Stress Hormones

A

Hormones released into the bloodstream by the pituitary and adrenal glands in response to stress signals form the hypothalamus

Eg, Cortisol

25
Q

High Levels of Cortisol

A

High Levels of cortisol may increase behavioural responses to minor form of provation

26
Q

Low Levels of Cortisol

A

Low levels of cortisol may result in an “under-appreciation” of the consequences of aggression

they do not experience fear

27
Q

Psychophysiology

A

The study of the interaction between behaviours and psychological mechanics and the functioning of the nervous system

28
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Some individuals may have an “under-responsive” ANS that reduce their reactivity to the external environment

29
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

A process whereby individuals learn to initiate or inhibit certain behaviours in response to aversiv e stimuli

30
Q

Skin Conductance

A

The measure of change in the skin’s resistance to electric currents

Low levels of skin conductance are consistent with poor fear conditioning and, as a result, should be predictive of high stimulation seeking and low levels of empathy precursors to criminal and violent behaviour

31
Q

Heart Rate

A

Low resting heart rate is correlated with several measures of criminal and violent behaviours

Psychology of Crime (12 decks)

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