Chapter 1

Question 1

Criminal Behaviour

Answer 1

Anything that is illegal

Legal definition - An intentional act or omission that is legally defined as a crime

It is a legal definition

Studying the attitudes and behaviours that underline criminal behaviour

Question 2

Construction of Crime

Answer 2

The process of defining crime as social and political in nature, which makes the definitions of crime represent human values and moral beliefs about right and wrong

Example - Criminal Harassment

A legal contract

Question 3

Consensus Theory of Crime

Answer 3

Crime is defined in a manner broadly agreed upon by society

Question 4

Conflict Theory of Crime

Answer 4

Crime is determined by socially powerful groups

Definitions of crime promote and maintain social dominance

Question 5

Anti-Social Behaviour

Answer 5

(Habitual) Serious behaviour that is harmful to victims, the perpetrator, and society

Maladaptive

Violated personal rights, social standards

May not violate criminal laws (e.g., bullying, gossip)

Deviant

Question 6

Violence

Answer 6

An intentional act of threatened, attempted, or actual physical harm directed abasing a non-consenting person

Question 7

Physical Violence

Answer 7

An international act that causes physical insult or injury, regardless of how minor, to another person

Question 8

Reactive Violence

Answer 8

Violence committed in response to frustration or perceived insult, provocation, or attack

Eg. You get into a heated argument, and then grab an object and hurt them out of spite.

Associated with spontaneous aspects of violence

High emotional arousal

Associated with victims who have close existing relationships with the perpetrator

Question 9

Instrumental Violence

Answer 9

Violence committed to achieve an identifiable goal

Associated with planned acts of violence

Absence of emotional arousal

Associated with victims who are strangers or have distant existing relationships with the perpetrator

Question 10

Theory

Answer 10

A set of interconnected statements that explain the relationships between two or more events

Scientifically testable; valid; explanatory power

Question 11

Macro Theory

Answer 11

A large-scale theory that explains event at a societal or broad group level

Eg. Sociology

Question 12

Micro Theory

Answer 12

A small-scale theory that explains phenomena at an individual level

Eg. Psychology

Question 13

Inter-individual Differences

Answer 13

Variations that exist between two or more persons

Question 14

Intra-individual Differences

Answer 14

Variations occurring within the same person

Watch very violent movies, but can’t see blood in a person

Question 15

Descriptive Research Designs

Answer 15

An in-depth examination or observation of a single individual

Question 16

Age Crime Curve

Answer 16

The distribution of criminal behaviour over the lifespan, which consistently shows that crime rates rise sharply throughout adolescence, peak in early adulthood, and taper off during middle and old age

Question 17

Correlation Design

Answer 17

Examine relationships between two or more variables in longitudinal research design

A research design that involves making several observations of the same study participants over a period of time

Directionality
Third variable
An extraneous and uncontrolled factor that may be responsible for changes occurring in a study variable

Question 18

Experimental Design

Answer 18

Random Assignment
The assignment of participants to different study conditions on the basis of chance

Experimental Group

Control Group

Question 19

Meta-Analysis

Answer 19

A method of analysis that involves combining the results of many studies on a particular subject to generate a statistical estimate of the overall magnitude of their findings