Week 10 Flashcards
Psychopharmacology
The branch of psychology that studies the effects of drugs on human cognition, emotions, and behaviour
Psychoactive Drug
A substance that acts on the central nervous system and produces changes in a persons cognitions, emotions, or behaviours
Substance use
The comsumption of psychactive drugs in amounts that do not cause significant impairment ina. persons functioning
Intoxication
A temporary and reversible state induced by the intake of psychoactive substance and characterized by disturbed cognition, emotion, or behaviour
Tolerance
A condition caused by regular drug intakr, whereby a higher dose is required to produce the same effects previously obtained with a lower dose
Withdrawl
A condition characterized by symptoms that emerge when a person who has developed tolerance to a drug abruptly stops taking it
Substance Use Disorder
A pattern of problematic psychoactive drug use that causes significant distress or impairment and is typically associated with impaired control over drug and harm to the user
Impaired Control
- The substance is taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended
- Craving or strong desire to use the substance
- Persistent desire or unsuccesful efforts to cut down or control substance use
- A great deal of time spent on activites necessary to obtain substance
Social Impairment
Recurrent substance use results in a failure to fulfill major role obligation at work, school, or home
Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused by effects of substance
Important social, occupational or recreational activited given up or reduced due to substance use
Risky Use
Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physcialy hazardous
Substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem likely to have been caused or exacerbated by substance use
Pharmacological
Tolerance
Withdrawl
Factors impacting drug effects
Brain reward systems
Eg. Dopamine
DrugRelated Factors
- Drug Type
- Route of Administration
- Dosage Size
Person-Related Factors
- Physcial Attributes
- Substance use History
Setting
- Heroin Rat Study (2 groups one control group got 2 injections of a placebo over a different period of time and different place, then an injection of heroin. the ones with heroin most died)
- Siegel, Hinson, Krank, & McCully
Intravenous, Injection, Inhalation
- Faster
- More Efficient Uptake
Oral Intake, Skin Absorption
- Slower
- Less Intense
Stimulants
- a class of drugs that elevate aspects of central nervous shystem functions
- Cocaine
- Alertness, Euphoria, Enhanced Energy
- Rush, Binge, Crash
- Amphetamines
Depressants
- A class of drugs that dempen certain aspects of central nervous system functioning
- Alcohol
- Biphasic Effects
- Eg. Biphasic Effects of Alcohol on Aggression
Hallucinogens
- A class of drugs that are chemically unrelated but are all capable of producing hallucination
- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
- Positive mood states, euphoria, distortions of time, space, and self
- Visual Hallucination, Flashbacks
- Phencyclidine (PCP_
- Euphoria, Anxiety, Alientation, Depression, panic
- Suspicious, confusing thinking
Systemic Crime
A from of drug related crime that occurs because the drug trade is illegal and its participants cannot turn to authorities for assistance
Eg. Pablo Escobar
Economic Compulsive Crime
A form of drug related crime that occurs as a result of drug users engaging in illegal behaviours as a means to support their drug habit
Psychopharmacological Crime
A form of drug related crime that occurs as a result of the acute and chronic produced by a psychoactive substance
Stimulants
- More frequently implicated with violent behaviour
- Amphetamines
- Arousal, mood, activity
- Paranoid Delusions
Despressants
- Benzodiazephins
- Dose-dependent psychopharamchological effects
- Disinhibition, poor judgement
- Alcohol (main one)
- Most strobgly associated with crime and violence
Hallucinogens
- Weakest relationship to crime and violence
- PCP has mixed relationship and vilent behaviour
Disinhibition Theories
- Alcohol impaires areas of the brain responisble for inhibiting responses and, as a result of intoxicattion, behaviours normally suppressed are exhibited
Selective Disinhibtion
A theory that the effect of alcohol disinhibition violence depends on the perceived effectivness of action violently in the particular circumstances
Active Constraint
The relatively large conscious and deliberate effort needed to act in a socially acceptable manner in situations where acting violently is perceived to be an effective and desirable source of action
Passive Constraint
The relatively small conscious and deliberate effort needed to act in a socially acceptable manner in situations where acting violently is perceived to ne an ineffective or undesirable source of action
Cognitive-Interference Theories
Alcohol intoxication impairs human and social cognition in ways that increase the chnage of aggression and violent behaviour
The Self Awareness model
People must be actively conscious of what they are doin in order to evaluate their conduct against relevant standards of behaviour
The Appraisal-Disruption Model
Alcohol interferes with the cognitive abilites people need to appraise social cues in the enviroment
Attentiono Allocation Model
Alcohol interferes with the cignitive capacity needed to pay attention to multiple cources of information
Intoxicated people focus only the most salient social cues in a situation
Expectancy Theories
The behaviour of peolpe who are intoxicated is strongly influenced by their pre existing beliefs about how the drug they took is goign to affect them
Outcome Expectancy
A mental template of the anticipated behavioural results to an action such as drug taking
People will behave in a manner consistent with the results they anitipcate
Deviance Disavowal theory
When people are intoxicated, the usual social standards of behavioural are temporily suspended so that they are viewed as less responsible of their actions
