Week 7 - Psychological Treatment 3&4 (CB, Biological, Treatment Efficacy and Clinical Practice)

Question 1

Behavioural therapy focuses on increasing what?

Answer 1

Increasing adaptive actions and behavioural responses

Question 2

Change in BT is at what level?

Answer 2

Physiological/behavioural response level

Question 3

3 key assumptions of CBT

• Cognition x 2
• Thought processes

Answer 3

Cognitions can be identified and measured
Cognitions underpin both adaptive and maladaptive psychological function
Through therapy and practice, thought processes can be changed into adaptive processes

Question 4

2 types of CBT?

Answer 4

Rational Emotive Therapy

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

Question 5

Explain the overarching aspect of what emotions are caused by according to Rational Emotive Therapy.

Answer 5

Emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves

Question 6

What is RET designed to do?

Answer 6

Eliminate the incorrect (irrational) beliefs of a disturbed person through a process of examination of those beliefs

Question 7

What is the key element of RET?

Answer 7

The ABCDE theory of psychopathology

Question 8

Explain the 4 steps in the Cognitive Behavioural Model

Answer 8

A trigger (eg place)
Unhelpful thoughts (ill lose control)
Emotion (fear)
Unhelpful behaviours (avoidance)

Question 9

What does each letter stand for in the A-B-C-D-E theory

- think of it in terms of the process of occurrence of thought all the way to treatment

Answer 9

A = activating conditions
B = belief systems
C = consequences
D = dispute thoughts 
E = effective cognitions lead to adaptive behaviour

Question 10

What condition was Beck’s Cognitive Therapy devised for?

Answer 10

Depression

Question 11

Beck believed that depression is caused by what (3) things?

Answer 11

The negative patterns in which people think about themselves, the world and the future.

Question 12

Explain the 3 stages of Beck’s Cognitive Theory that lead to depression

Answer 12

Negative beliefs triggered by negative life events
Leads to cognitive biases
Which leads to depression

Question 13

What is the aim of a behavioural activation exercise?

Answer 13

Increase engagement by scheduling pleasant activities

Question 14

What is the first step of a behavioural activation exercise?

Answer 14

To get the client to recognise the connection between inactivity and low mood.

Question 15

What is the premise behind the Biological approach?

Answer 15

Psychological disorders are the result of an organic pathology in the brain.
Can be structural (neuronal) or chemical (NT)

Question 16

What is pharmacotherapy?

Answer 16

Drugs that act on specific brain functions

Question 17

What do anti-anxiety medications do?

Answer 17

Increase, stabilise or compete with neurotransmitters

Question 18

What do antidepressants do?

Answer 18

Inhibit neurotransmitters

Question 19

What do Antipsychotic medications do?

Answer 19

Block dopamine

Question 20

What do Psychostimulants do?

Answer 20

Increase dopamine

Question 21

Cautions of pharmacotherapy (3)

Answer 21

Often have side effects
There are individual differences
Not a ‘cure all’ some may work for some

Question 22

What are the 4 main types of Surgical Treatment

Answer 22

Psychosurgery
ECT
rTMS
Deep Brain Stimulation

Question 23

Explain Psychosurgery

Answer 23

The neurosurgical destruction of brain tissue to ‘cure’ mental illness

Question 24

What is a Capsulotomy?

Answer 24

Specific lesions to reduce the symptoms of severe medication-resistant OCD

Question 25

Explain Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Answer 25

The application of a brief electrical current to the head of a person. The duration and intensity of the current is able to induce seizures in individuals

Question 26

Explain rTMS

Answer 26

A magnetic coil is placed on the skull and delivers pulses to specific regions (non-invasive)

Question 27

Explain Deep Brain Stimulation

Answer 27

Provides electrical pulses to specific areas of the brain via implanted electrodes (used in Parkinson's, OCD, MDD)

Question 28

Cautions of Surgical Treatment

Answer 28

Life long side-effects | Only appropriate where other measures have failed

Question 29

Efficacy studies on Psychodynamic therapy found that?

Answer 29

Psychoanalysis may not be any better than just doing nothing.

Question 30

Which therapy has been the most effective in changing behaviour?

Answer 30

CBT

Question 31

Eclectic Psychotherapy is what?

Answer 31

Combining techniques from different therapeutic approaches to fit a specific clients needs.

Question 32

Evidence suggests that effective therapy depends on what (3) things? A, A, T

Answer 32

The appropriateness of the therapy Ability of the therapist Client traits (are they willing to change)

Question 33

What are the (5) reasons ineffective therapies appear to work?

Answer 33

``` Spontaneous remisson The placebo effect Self-Serving Bias Regression to the mean Re-Writing the past ```

Question 34

Explain Spontaneous Remisson

Answer 34

Many disorders fluctuate or are cyclical

Question 35

Explain The placebo effect

Answer 35

Just talking about problems may lead to improvement

Question 36

Explain Self-Serving Bias

Answer 36

Clients may want therapy to work so they exaggerate improvement/downplay continuing issues

Question 37

Explain Regression to the mean

Answer 37

Often extreme behaviours will naturally become normal over time

Question 38

Explain Re-Writing the past

Answer 38

Clients may recall being much worse than they actually were - thus see improvement greater than it really is

Question 39

What are ethics?

Answer 39

Beliefs about what is right conduct | Moral principles adopted by a group/individual to provide right rules for right conduct

Question 40

What is the professional association for psychologists in AUS?

Answer 40

Australian Psychological Society (APS)

Question 41

What is the regulatory body for psychologists?

Answer 41

Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA): Psychology Board of Australia (PsyBA)

Question 42

What is the role of the APS?

Answer 42

Protect, support and provide resources for its psychologists members

Question 43

What is the role of the Board?

Answer 43

Protect the community and clients of psychologists

Question 44

What are the (3) principles of good practice? - C - R - OP

Answer 44

Professional competence appropriate relationships Observance of Professional ethics

Question 45

What are the (3) general principles of the APS Code of Ethics? - R - P - I

Answer 45

Respect for the rights and dignity of people Propriety Integrity

Question 46

What are the (3) reasons why we have strict standards? | - the three P's (pc,pc,pp)

Answer 46

Protect client Protect clinician Protect profession