Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY124 - Understanding Individuality & Abnormality > Week 11 - Personality 1&2 (Theoretical Perspectives of Personality) > Flashcards

Week 11 - Personality 1&2 (Theoretical Perspectives of Personality) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Personality?

A

Enduring patterns of thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour that are expressed in different circumstances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Personality often conceptualised as?

A

A cluster of traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are traits?

A

Relatively stable and long-lasting tendencies that influence behaviour across environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 broad areas of Personality study? What do they mean?

A

Nomothetic: Understanding individual differences (in particular personality characteristics)

Ideographic: Understanding how the various parts of a person come together as a whole (construct general theories of personality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Freud developed 4 models of Personality, what are they?

A

Topographic
Drive
Developmental
Structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 overarching assumptions of Freud’s models?

  • PD
  • SM
  • UM
A

Psychic Determinism: We aren’t in control of our underlying drives and conflicts which shape our behaviour. Although hidden, they can been seen through Freudian slips and dreams. All psychological events have a cause

Symbolic Meaning: All actions reveal our underlying drives

Unconscious Motivation: We are mostly aware of our motives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the Freudian Slips?

A

Parapraxis: Error in speech, memory of physical action

Psychological conflict bubbling to the surface: Thoughts are unconsciously repressed and the unconsciously released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 types of mental processes in Freud’s Topographic Model? What do they mean?

A

Conscious: Rational, goal directed, centre of awareness
Preconscious: Could become conscious at any given time
Unconscious: Irrational, repressed and thus inaccessible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Opposing motives =

A

Ambivalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Freud’s TM suggests that different aspects of consciousness have…?

A

Conflicting feelings or motives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Freud’s Drive Model suggests that behaviour is motivated by what?

A

Drives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 drives?

A

Aggressive drive

Sexual (libido) drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does libido mean?

A

Pleasure seeking and sensuality as well as desire for intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Freud’s Developmental Model suggests libido does what?

A

follows a developmental course during childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 5 Psychosexual stages of Freud’s Developmental model? When do they occur? What do they each mean?

  • O
  • A
  • P
  • L
  • G
A

Oral: 0-18 months: Dependency

Anal: 2-3 years: Orderliness, cleanliness, compliance

Phallic: 4-6 years: Identification with parents (same sex)

Latency: 7-11 years: Sublimation of sexual and aggressive impulses

Genital: 12+: Mature sexuality and relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the Developmental Model reflect?

A

The child’s evolving quest for pleasure and growing realisation of the social limitations on this quest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Structural Model suggests what governs behaviour?

A

Morality governs behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 aspects of the Structural Model?

A

Id
Ego
Superego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does Id refer to?

A

Our basic desires and drives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does Ego refer to?

A

Interacts with the ‘real world’ and makes decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does Superego refer to?

A

Sense of right and wrong, directing us to behave morally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 6 types of Defence Mechanisms?

  • 2 x D
  • 4 x R
A 
Repression
Denial
Displacement
Regression
Reaction Formulation
Rationalisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Repression mean?

A

Memories or thoughts kept out of conscious awareness

eg soldier has no memory of close brush with death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does Denial mean?

A

Refusal to acknowledge external reality

- not accepting a death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does Displacement mean?

A

Directing emotions towards a substitute target

- taking anger out on someone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does Regression mean?

A

Return to an earlier stage of psychosexual development

- adult having temper tantrum

27
Q

What does Reaction Formulation mean?

A

Unacceptable feelings or impulses turned into opposites

- a parent resenting a child and spoils them

28
Q

What does Rationalisation mean?

A

Actions explained away to avoid uncomfortable feelings

- student watches TV before an exam and says “more study wont help”

29
Q

2 ways to assess unconscious patterns?

A

Life History Methods

Projective Tests

30
Q

Explain Life History Methods

A

Aim to understand the whole person in the context of life experiences (eg case studies)

31
Q

Explain Projective Tests

A

Assume that persons presented with a vague stimulus will ‘project’ their own impulses and desires into a description of the stimulus

32
Q

Shift focused from sexual drives to what?

A

Social drives

33
Q

Alfred Adler believed primary motive is what?

A

The strive for superiority

34
Q

Neo-Freudians believed personality was?

A

Malleable - could change over time

35
Q

Karen Horney believed

A

Penis envy are the symptoms of womens enforced dependency on men

36
Q

Eric Fromm believed

A

Increasing technology has enabled us to live independently but what we really want is closer connection which leaves us vulnerable to making poor decisions.

37
Q

What do Object Relations Theorists believe?

A

We form mental representations (objectify) of people who are the target of out impulse driven desires - parents etc

38
Q

Object Relations Theorists focus on?

A

interpersonal disturbances and capacity for relatedness to others

39
Q

Relational Theorists argue

A

That adaptation is primarily adaptation to others

40
Q

Behavioural approaches to personality suggest that personality is … and differences in personality stem from?

A

Bundles of habits acquired by classical and operant conditioning and stem from our learning histories.

41
Q

Behavioural approaches believe personality is controlled by what 2 things?

A

Genes and contingencies

42
Q

Cognitive-Social Theorists believe what determines personality?

A

The way people encode, process and think about information

43
Q

What are the 3 necessary conditions for a behaviour?

A

Situation encoded as relevant and meaningful
Belief in one’s own ability and actual ability
Self-regulation of ongoing activity

44
Q

Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory suggests

A

We learn to be the person we are by watch other people and seeing who/what gets rewarded and what doesn’t.

45
Q

What does Reciprocal Determinism mean?

A

Personality is a constant interplay between environment, behaviour and our own beliefs

46
Q

Social Cognitive - Locus of Control (Rotter) 2 types of control

A

Internal Locus of Control

External Locus of Control

47
Q

What does Internal Locus of Control mean?

A

Life outcomes are under personal control

  • Positively correlated with self-esteem
  • Internals use more problem-focused coping
48
Q

What does External Locus of Control mean?

A

Luck, chance and powerful others control behaviour

49
Q

Personal Constructs and Information Processing Theory (Cantor and Kihlstrom) believe what is central to who we are?

A

Conception of self, others and the way social information is ENCODED, interpreted and remembered is central to who we are.

50
Q

What does it mean by Self-Regulation?

A

Setting goals, evaluating performance and adjusting behaviour

51
Q

What 4 conditions must be met for a behaviour to occur according to Cognitive-Social Theories?

  • BOE
  • SEE
  • C
  • SR
A

Behaviour outcome expectancies
Self-efficacy expectancy
Competencies
Self-regulation

52
Q

What is the main contribution of CS?

A

Focus on the role of thought and memory in personality

53
Q

What is a limitation of CS

A

Assumes people consciously know what they think, feel and want

54
Q

The 2 Humanistic Approaches are?

A

Maslow

Rogers Person Centered

55
Q

Explain the concept of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

To find your own meaning, one must become self-actualised. The motivation for growth is natural.

56
Q

What has Maslow said about people who are ‘self-actualised’

A

tend to be creative, accepting of themselves and others
can come off as difficult to work with
prone to peak experiences

57
Q

Carl Rogers rejected what?

A

The notion of determinism and embraced free will

58
Q

Carl Rogers proposed what about Maslow’s self actualisation?

A

Self-actualisation as a core motive in personality

59
Q

What are Rogers 3 major components of personality?

A 
The organism (innate, genetic blueprint)
The self (set of beliefs about who we are)
Conditions of worth (expectations we place on ourselves, can result in incongruence).
60
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard =

A

Self-actualisation

61
Q

Conditional Positive Regard =

A

Self Discrepancy

62
Q

Rogers Person Centred Approach attempts to understand

A

An individuals phenomenological experience (the way they conceive of reality and think about the world)

63
Q

What does Rogers Person Centred Approach believe the fundamental tool of the psychologist is?

A

Empathy (capacity to understand another person’s experience)

PSY124 - Understanding Individuality & Abnormality (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions