Week 12 - Personality 3&4 (Trait Theories of Personality)

Question 1

What is a Trait?

Answer 1

An observed tendency to behave in a certain way

An inferred underlying disposition that results in behavioural tendency

Question 2

What are the two most famous traits?

Answer 2

Introversion and extroversion

Question 3

Eysenck proposed the 4 temperaments, what are they?

Answer 3

Sanguine
Choleric
Melancholic
Phlegmatic

Question 4

What are common traits of Sanguine?

Answer 4

Good natured, sociable and easy going

- insensitive

Question 5

What are common traits of Choleric

Answer 5

Quick tempered, decisive, fast-thinking

- bouts of rage

Question 6

What are common traits of Melancholic

Answer 6

intellectual, pragmatic, contemplative

- depression

Question 7

What are common traits of Phlegmatic

Answer 7

Calm, stable, rational

- lack of drive

Question 8

Eysenck - PEN proposed a four-level hierarchy of behavioural organisation, what are the 4 aspects?

Answer 8

Specific Responses: Specific acts and cognitions
Habits: Must be reasonably reliable and consistent
Traits: Formed by several habitual responses
Types, Superfactors, Supertraits: Made up of several interrelated traits

Question 9

What are the 3 supertraits?

Answer 9

Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism

Question 10

What are the 2 assumptions of the Lexical Approach to Personality?

Answer 10

Important personality characteristics become apart of the language
More important personality characteristics will be defined by a single world

Question 11

Allport and Odbert proposed 3 types of traits

Answer 11

Cardinal
Central
Secondary

Question 12

Cattell argued for what 3 types of data?

Answer 12

Life
Experimental
Questionnaire

Question 13

What are surface traits?

Answer 13

Obvious individual characteristics that are easily identifiable

Question 14

What are source traits?

Answer 14

Deep, less obvious mental structures which give rise to surface traits

Question 15

Cattell identified how many source traits?

Answer 15

16 with factor analysis

Question 16

3 aspects about the factors of the ‘Big 5’ Personality Factors

Answer 16

Factors are stable during adulthood
Factors are culturally universal
Believed to be heritable in part

Question 17

What are the 5 factors?

Answer 17

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Question 18

Openness to experience traits

Answer 18

creative, imaginative, curious

Question 19

Conscientiousness traits

Answer 19

reliable, careful, hard-working, well organised

Question 20

Extraversion traits

Answer 20

sociable, talkative, open

Question 21

Agreeableness traits

Answer 21

friendly, understanding, sympathetic

Question 22

Neuroticism traits

Answer 22

nervous, sad, insecure

Question 23

What factor is not culturally universal in some countries?

Answer 23

Openness to experience

Question 24

Neuroticism is sometimes referred to as?

Answer 24

emotional stability

Question 25

What factors do women seem to be higher in than men?

Answer 25

everything except openness to experience

Question 26

What was the most consistent different factor across countries?

Answer 26

Neuroticism

Question 27

HEXACO - Ashton and Lee, what are the 6?

Answer 27

``` H - Honesty-Humility E - Emotionality X - eXtraversion A - Agreeableness C - Conscientiousness O - Openness to experience ```

Question 28

What 3 of HEXACO are similar to Big 5?

Answer 28

extraversion, conscientiousness, openness to experience

Question 29

Aspects of what in HEXACO are similar to Agreeableness traits in Big 5?

Answer 29

Honesty-Humility

Question 30

What are the Dark Triad traits?

Answer 30

Narcissism Machiavellianism Psychopathy

Question 31

Narcissism aspects

Answer 31

entitlement, superiority, dominance

Question 32

Machiavellianism aspects

Answer 32

cynical, manipulative

Question 33

Psychopathy aspects

Answer 33

thrill seeking, impulsive, low empathy

Question 34

Sadism aspects

Answer 34

gaining pleasure from others misfortune

Question 35

Scoring high on the Dark Triad traits is associated with what types of behaviours?

Answer 35

Bullying Aggression Harassment

Question 36

What is the Life History Theory?

Answer 36

A theory that suggests people might make tradeoffs to improve survival and mating chances

Question 37

Which 3 dimensions of Big 5 have cross-species generality?

Answer 37

extraversion, neuroticism and agreeableness

Question 38

Traits are predictors of what?

Answer 38

aggregate behaviours

Question 39

Limitation (3) of trait theories?

Answer 39

highly reliance on self-report analyses may govern behaviour does not examine the process of personality

Question 40

Summary of Psychoanalytic - Behaviour springs from? - Assessment technique? - Evaluation

Answer 40

Unconscious conflicts between pleasure seeking impulses and social restraints Projective tests aimed at revealing unconscious motivations Hard to test theory with enormous cultural impact

Question 41

Summary of Social-Cognitive - Behaviour springs from? - Assessment technique? - Evaluation

Answer 41

Behaviour springs from reciprocal influences between people an their situation, coloured by perceptions of control Questionnaires, observations An interactive theory that integrates research on learning, cognition and social behaviour.

Question 42

Summary of Humanistic - Behaviour springs from? - Assessment technique? - Evaluation

Answer 42

Behaviour springs from processing conscious feelings about oneself in the light of one's experience Questionnaires, empathic interviews Criticised as subjective and sometimes naively self-centred.

Question 43

Summary of Trait - Behaviour springs from? - Assessment technique? - Evaluation

Answer 43

Behaviour springs from expressing biologically influenced dispositions such as extraversion Personality inventories Peer ratings Criticised as underestimating the variability of behaviour from situation to situation

Question 44

What do Behaviour Geneticists do?

Answer 44

Attempt to determine the degree to which individual differences in constructs eg personality are caused by genetic and environmental differences

Question 45

What are 3 goals of Behaviour Geneticists

Answer 45

Determine the percentage of individual differences in a trait that can be attributed to genetic or environmental differences Determine how which genes and environment interact to produce individual differences Determine where in the environment environmental effects exist (parental, teachers)

Question 46

3 misconceptions about heritability?

Answer 46

heritability CANNOT be applied to single individual heritability is NOT a constant or immutable heritability is NOT a precise statistic

Question 47

Summaries of behavioural genetic data yield heritability estimates for major personality traits of what %?

Answer 47

20-45

Question 48

Communion/Interdependence (collectivism) concerns?

Answer 48

How you are affiliated with, attached to or engaged in the larger group of which you are a member

Question 49

Agency/Independence (individualism) is?

Answer 49

How you differentiate yourself from the larger group

Question 50

Non-Western cultures focus more on which of the two?

Answer 50

interdependence

Question 51

Worldwide people tend to regard men as having personalities that are what?

Answer 51

More loud, active, adventurous, obnoxious, aggressive, arrogant

Question 52

Women are regarded as having personalities that are?

Answer 52

More affectionate, modest, nervous, appreciative, patient

Question 53

MMPI-2 stands for? and what is it used for?

Answer 53

Minesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 and is used to assess clinical disorder

Question 54

What are the 3 validity scales?

Answer 54

L - lie F - frequency K - correction