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PSY124 - Understanding Individuality & Abnormality > Week 12 - Personality 3&4 (Trait Theories of Personality) > Flashcards

Week 12 - Personality 3&4 (Trait Theories of Personality) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Trait?

A

An observed tendency to behave in a certain way

An inferred underlying disposition that results in behavioural tendency

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2
Q

What are the two most famous traits?

A

Introversion and extroversion

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3
Q

Eysenck proposed the 4 temperaments, what are they?

A

Sanguine
Choleric
Melancholic
Phlegmatic

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4
Q

What are common traits of Sanguine?

A

Good natured, sociable and easy going

- insensitive

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5
Q

What are common traits of Choleric

A

Quick tempered, decisive, fast-thinking

- bouts of rage

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6
Q

What are common traits of Melancholic

A

intellectual, pragmatic, contemplative

- depression

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7
Q

What are common traits of Phlegmatic

A

Calm, stable, rational

- lack of drive

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8
Q

Eysenck - PEN proposed a four-level hierarchy of behavioural organisation, what are the 4 aspects?

A

Specific Responses: Specific acts and cognitions
Habits: Must be reasonably reliable and consistent
Traits: Formed by several habitual responses
Types, Superfactors, Supertraits: Made up of several interrelated traits

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9
Q

What are the 3 supertraits?

A

Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism

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10
Q

What are the 2 assumptions of the Lexical Approach to Personality?

A

Important personality characteristics become apart of the language
More important personality characteristics will be defined by a single world

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11
Q

Allport and Odbert proposed 3 types of traits

A

Cardinal
Central
Secondary

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12
Q

Cattell argued for what 3 types of data?

A

Life
Experimental
Questionnaire

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13
Q

What are surface traits?

A

Obvious individual characteristics that are easily identifiable

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14
Q

What are source traits?

A

Deep, less obvious mental structures which give rise to surface traits

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15
Q

Cattell identified how many source traits?

A

16 with factor analysis

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16
Q

3 aspects about the factors of the ‘Big 5’ Personality Factors

A

Factors are stable during adulthood
Factors are culturally universal
Believed to be heritable in part

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17
Q

What are the 5 factors?

A 
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
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18
Q

Openness to experience traits

A

creative, imaginative, curious

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19
Q

Conscientiousness traits

A

reliable, careful, hard-working, well organised

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20
Q

Extraversion traits

A

sociable, talkative, open

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21
Q

Agreeableness traits

A

friendly, understanding, sympathetic

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22
Q

Neuroticism traits

A

nervous, sad, insecure

23
Q

What factor is not culturally universal in some countries?

A

Openness to experience

24
Q

Neuroticism is sometimes referred to as?

A

emotional stability

25
Q

What factors do women seem to be higher in than men?

A

everything except openness to experience

26
Q

What was the most consistent different factor across countries?

A

Neuroticism

27
Q

HEXACO - Ashton and Lee, what are the 6?

A 
H - Honesty-Humility
E - Emotionality
X - eXtraversion
A - Agreeableness
C - Conscientiousness
O - Openness to experience
28
Q

What 3 of HEXACO are similar to Big 5?

A

extraversion, conscientiousness, openness to experience

29
Q

Aspects of what in HEXACO are similar to Agreeableness traits in Big 5?

A

Honesty-Humility

30
Q

What are the Dark Triad traits?

A

Narcissism
Machiavellianism
Psychopathy

31
Q

Narcissism aspects

A

entitlement, superiority, dominance

32
Q

Machiavellianism aspects

A

cynical, manipulative

33
Q

Psychopathy aspects

A

thrill seeking, impulsive, low empathy

34
Q

Sadism aspects

A

gaining pleasure from others misfortune

35
Q

Scoring high on the Dark Triad traits is associated with what types of behaviours?

A

Bullying
Aggression
Harassment

36
Q

What is the Life History Theory?

A

A theory that suggests people might make tradeoffs to improve survival and mating chances

37
Q

Which 3 dimensions of Big 5 have cross-species generality?

A

extraversion, neuroticism and agreeableness

38
Q

Traits are predictors of what?

A

aggregate behaviours

39
Q

Limitation (3) of trait theories?

A

highly reliance on self-report
analyses may govern behaviour
does not examine the process of personality

40
Q

Summary of Psychoanalytic

  • Behaviour springs from?
  • Assessment technique?
  • Evaluation
A

Unconscious conflicts between pleasure seeking impulses and social restraints

Projective tests aimed at revealing unconscious motivations

Hard to test theory with enormous cultural impact

41
Q

Summary of Social-Cognitive

  • Behaviour springs from?
  • Assessment technique?
  • Evaluation
A

Behaviour springs from reciprocal influences between people an their situation, coloured by perceptions of control

Questionnaires, observations

An interactive theory that integrates research on learning, cognition and social behaviour.

42
Q

Summary of Humanistic

  • Behaviour springs from?
  • Assessment technique?
  • Evaluation
A

Behaviour springs from processing conscious feelings about oneself in the light of one’s experience

Questionnaires, empathic interviews

Criticised as subjective and sometimes naively self-centred.

43
Q

Summary of Trait

  • Behaviour springs from?
  • Assessment technique?
  • Evaluation
A

Behaviour springs from expressing biologically influenced dispositions such as extraversion

Personality inventories
Peer ratings

Criticised as underestimating the variability of behaviour from situation to situation

44
Q

What do Behaviour Geneticists do?

A

Attempt to determine the degree to which individual differences in constructs eg personality are caused by genetic and environmental differences

45
Q

What are 3 goals of Behaviour Geneticists

A

Determine the percentage of individual differences in a trait that can be attributed to genetic or environmental differences

Determine how which genes and environment interact to produce individual differences

Determine where in the environment environmental effects exist (parental, teachers)

46
Q

3 misconceptions about heritability?

A

heritability CANNOT be applied to single individual

heritability is NOT a constant or immutable

heritability is NOT a precise statistic

47
Q

Summaries of behavioural genetic data yield heritability estimates for major personality traits of what %?

A

20-45

48
Q

Communion/Interdependence (collectivism) concerns?

A

How you are affiliated with, attached to or engaged in the larger group of which you are a member

49
Q

Agency/Independence (individualism) is?

A

How you differentiate yourself from the larger group

50
Q

Non-Western cultures focus more on which of the two?

A

interdependence

51
Q

Worldwide people tend to regard men as having personalities that are what?

A

More loud, active, adventurous, obnoxious, aggressive, arrogant

52
Q

Women are regarded as having personalities that are?

A

More affectionate, modest, nervous, appreciative, patient

53
Q

MMPI-2 stands for? and what is it used for?

A

Minesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 and is used to assess clinical disorder

54
Q

What are the 3 validity scales?

A

L - lie
F - frequency
K - correction

PSY124 - Understanding Individuality & Abnormality (12 decks)

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