Week 4 - Psychological Disorders & Cultural Perspectives Flashcards
What are the 2 types of Neurodevelopmental Disorders?
Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD
What does the term Neurodevelopmental mean?
A class of disorders that commence during childhood or prenatal development.
Autism can be defined as?
Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction (eg forming relationships) and restricted, repetitive behaviours.
Prevalence of autism?
4 x more common in males
.6-2% of children
What is ADHD?
A disorder that first appears in childhood and is characterised by the presence of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity that impacts on daily functioning.
In order to be diagnosed with ADHD, symptoms must …
Occur across multiple settings and be age appropriate
Inattention involves
Not listening
Fails to complete tasks
Inability to organise tasks
Reluctant to engage in effortful tasks
Hyperactivity/Impulsivity involves
Restlessness
Leaving seat
Often ‘on the go’
Prevalence of ADHD in AUS?
2.3-6% of school-aged children
5-9 times more common in males
There is evidence that what 2 factors contribute to ADHD development?
Low birth weight and Maternal smoking
What is the Neurocognitive Disorder?
Alzheimer’s Disease
What does the term Neurocognitive mean?
A class of disorders in which the predominant symptom is cognitive impairment (eg memory)
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
A degenerative brain disorder that involves progressive cognitive decline.
Alzheimers Disease can only be technically diagnosed when?
Post mortem
What are the 2 ‘types’ of Alzheimers Disease?
Probable: If there is a family history and/or a steady decline
Possible: If there is no family history but there is a decline which cannot be explained by other illness.
What is the average life span following a diagnosis of AD?
10 years
AD is characterised by the presence of what in the brain?
Neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques and neuron loss.
What are neurofibrillary tangles?
Threads of protein that occur within a neuron
What are senile plaques?
Deposits caused by debris from degenerating neurons.
As well as memory decline, there is what other changes when experience AD? (2)
Mood changes (depression & argumentative) Language impairment
There is evidence to suggest that what (2) contributes to the likelihood of developing AD?
Genes and traumatic brain injury
In Anorexia Nervosa BMI =
In Bulimia Nervosa BMI =
Severely underweight
Normal-Overweight
Anorexia Nervosa is characterised by what (4) things to do with the body and perception?
- Severely underweight
- Intense fear of becoming fat and gaining weight
- Distorted body image (believing they’re fat when they’re not)
- Restriction of food relative to the requirements
Extreme severity of Anorexia Nervosa is a BMI of what?
15 or below
The lifetime prevalence of AN is?
<1%
AN is higher in what groups?
elite athletes
The onset of AN is when?
Early to middle adolescence, rarely before puberty or after age 50
What are the 2 types of AN?
Binge-eating type
Restricting type
The restricting type of AN involves
Weight loss accomplished through dieting and fasting
The binge-eating/purging type of AN involves
Recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging (self-induced vomiting)
Bulimia Nervosa is characterised by what 2 things?
Frequent episodes of binge eating (in a period of time) that are experienced as out of their control
After the binge, they engage in vomiting, fasting or exercising
Binge eating and the method taken afterwards occur how often on average?
once a week for 3 months
What are the mild, moderate, severe and extreme severities of BN?
Mild = 1-3 eps a week Moderate = 4-7 eps a week Severe = 8-13 eps a week Extreme = 14 or more eps a week
There is some evidence to suggest that BN is provoked due to what?
A stressful life event
Are both AN and BN highly comorbid with other disorders?
YES
BN is less frequent in what type of societies?
Non-Westernised
What type of eating disorder has the highest suicide rate?
AN
Most research on experiences of symptoms originates from what cultures?
Western
People from minority groups are more likely to be diagnosed with what illness? Why?
Schizophrenia & because of more stressors (eg racism, educational support) etc
The DSM-5 recommend that clinicians use what
Cultural Formulation Interview
The Cultural Formulation Interview defines culture as (V,O,K,P)
The values, orientations, knowledge and practices that individuals derive from membership in groups.
What are the 4 domains of assessment in the Cultural Formulation Interview? HINTS 1. C D 2. C P of C C S 3. C F SC and PHS 4. C F CHS
- Cultural definition of the problem
- Cultural perceptions of cause, context and support
- Cultural factors affecting self coping and past help seeking
- Cultural factors affecting current help seeking
