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PSY124 - Understanding Individuality & Abnormality > Week 2 - Psychological Disorders (Anxiety, OCD, Trauma, Mood, Suicide) > Flashcards

Week 2 - Psychological Disorders (Anxiety, OCD, Trauma, Mood, Suicide) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of Anxiety Disorders?

A

Panic Disorder
Generalised Anxiety Disorder
Phobias

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2
Q

What is Panic Disorder characterised by?

A

A sudden and repeated feeling of terror and anxiety panic attacks.

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3
Q

Prevalence of Panic Disorder

A

2% men

5% women

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4
Q

What is Generalised Anxiety Disorder?

A

Chronic, excessive anxiety that occurs for at least 6 months

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5
Q

Generalised Anxiety Disorder is characterised by what 3 things

A

Restlessness and on edge
Fatigued easily
Difficulty in concentrating

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6
Q

Prevalence rate of GAD

A

2% males

3.5% females

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of phobias?

A

Agoraphobia
Social
Specific

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8
Q

What is Agoraphobia?

A

Fear of being in places or situations which escape might be difficult, embarrassing or in which help might not be available.

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9
Q

What is Social Phobia?

A

A fear of one or more social situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or possible scrutiny.

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10
Q

What is Specific Phobia?

A

Chronic or excessive fear that is cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object/situation.

it interferes with the persons normal routine and functioning.

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11
Q

What are the 4 theories of Anxiety?

A

Learning processes
Cognitive processes
Environmental factors
Genetic factors

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12
Q

What are the 3 learning processes?

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Modelling

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13
Q

How can Classical Conditioning explain how phobias develop?

A

By pairing a scary stimuli with a neutral stimuli people become conditioned to fear the previously neutral stimuli

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14
Q

How can Operant Conditioning explain how phobias develop?

A

We remove an unpleasant stimulus (negative reinforcement) and so behaviour is rewarded and increases.

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15
Q

How can Modelling explain how phobias develop?

A

We observe someone else be afraid of something and in turn become afraid of it ourselves.

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16
Q

Cognitive Processes theory of anxiety

A

We interpret information or physiological arousal as threatening

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17
Q

Environmental factors of anxiety disorders

A

stressful life events are associated with the development of anxiety disorders eg PTSD

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18
Q

Genetic factor theory of anxiety

A

Different gene types can influence the brain eg increase brain reactivity to perceived threats (OCD, GAD)

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19
Q

What is PTSD? 4 points

A

Exposure to a traumatic event which resulted in a response of intense fear, helplessness or horror.

Persistent re-experience

Avoidance of stimuli that associated with traumatic event

Persistent symptoms of heightened arousal

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20
Q

When do symptoms of PTSD begin?

A

Usually 3 months after but have been reported to begin delays of months and years.

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21
Q

Lifetime prevalence of PTSD

A

1-14% of general community.

22
Q

What is OCD? (2 points)

A

An anxiety disorder in which the mind is flooded with persistent and uncontrollable thoughts.

The individual is compelled to repeat certain acts again and again, causing significant stress.

23
Q

What are obsessions?

A

Persistent or intrusive ideas, impulses or images that are unwanted and inappropriate and that cause distress.

24
Q

What are compulsions?

A

Repetitive behaviours or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession.

25
Q

Prevalence of OCD

A

2-3% of the population, more common in women

26
Q

What are the 2 types of depressive disorders?

A

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Dysthymic Disorder

27
Q

Definition of mood

A

A general feeling, typically not directed at anything

28
Q

Definition of emotion

A

A state if arousal that is typically directed at a person/object

29
Q

Depressive disorders are characterised by disturbances to what 2 things?

A

Mood and emotion.

30
Q

What is mania?

A

An intense but unwarranted mood state of happiness

31
Q

4 Symptoms of depressive disorders

A

Sad, depressed mood (almost all day, every day)
Loss of interest
Difficulties in sleeping (insomnia or hypersomnia)
Shift in activity levels

32
Q

MDD requires symptoms of depression for how long?

A

at least 2 weeks

33
Q

Prevalence of MDD

A

Twice as common in women

Most frequent in young adults

34
Q

What percentage of people will experience a recurrence of a MDD episode?

A

80% within a year

35
Q

What is Dysthymic Disorder?

A

A less severe, but more chronic type of depression

36
Q

Dysthymic Disorder required the presence of what and for how long?

A

A depressed mood for a period of at least 2 years

37
Q

Prevalence of Dysthymic Disorder

A

6-8% women
5% men
At any given time 3% of the population have it

38
Q

Bipolar Disorder is characterised by what?

A

The presence of a manic episode and an episode of depression.

39
Q

How many people have a recurring episode of Bipolar?

A

90%

40
Q

Prevalence and genetic link of BPD

A

Equally common

Twin/adoption studies indicate a strong genetic link

41
Q

What are some symptoms of mania? (2)

A

Increase in activity level

Unusual talkativeness/Rapid speech

42
Q

What are the 2 supposed causes of depression?

A

Environmental and Biological causes

43
Q

What are the 4 model causes of depression?

A 
Interpersonal Model
Behavioural Model
Cognitive Model (Beck)
Seligman's Theory of Learned Helplessness
44
Q

The Interpersonal Model explains that depression occurs due to what?

A

Believes behaviours associated with depression lead to increased social isolation and increased depression.

Depression = Excessive support seeking = Increased pressure on relationships = Frustration and increased depression

45
Q

The Behavioural Model explains that depression occurs due to what?

A

Believed depression can be explained by a lack of reinforcement in social activities which leads to withdrawal and thus reducing rewards even more

Suggests depression can be reduced by re-engaging in pleasant activities

46
Q

Beck’s Cognitive Triad Model explains that depression occurs due to what?

A

Negative beliefs about the world, self and the future which are triggered by life events which then leads to cognitive biases which leads to depression

47
Q

Seligman’s Theory of Learned Helplessness explains that depression occurs due to what?

A

Depression occurs due to an uncontrollable aversive event which leads to feelings of helplessness, consequently leading to depression.

48
Q

Biological causes of depression (2)

A

Reduction and imbalance of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine leads to depression

People who have two copies of a stress-sensitive gene are more vulnerable to developing depression

49
Q

Environmental/Life cause and risk factors of depression (1 cause, 3 risk factors)

A

Stressors in the environment are associated with the development of depression

Negative home environment
Death of family member
Parental divorce

50
Q

People with BPD are how likely to commit suicide?

A

15 times more likely

51
Q

Suicide accounts for how many Australian deaths?

A

1.4%

PSY124 - Understanding Individuality & Abnormality (12 decks)

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