Week 2 - Psychological Disorders (Anxiety, OCD, Trauma, Mood, Suicide)

Question 1

What are the 3 types of Anxiety Disorders?

Answer 1

Panic Disorder
Generalised Anxiety Disorder
Phobias

Question 2

What is Panic Disorder characterised by?

Answer 2

A sudden and repeated feeling of terror and anxiety panic attacks.

Question 3

Prevalence of Panic Disorder

Answer 3

2% men

5% women

Question 4

What is Generalised Anxiety Disorder?

Answer 4

Chronic, excessive anxiety that occurs for at least 6 months

Question 5

Generalised Anxiety Disorder is characterised by what 3 things

Answer 5

Restlessness and on edge
Fatigued easily
Difficulty in concentrating

Question 6

Prevalence rate of GAD

Answer 6

2% males

3.5% females

Question 7

What are the 3 types of phobias?

Answer 7

Agoraphobia
Social
Specific

Question 8

What is Agoraphobia?

Answer 8

Fear of being in places or situations which escape might be difficult, embarrassing or in which help might not be available.

Question 9

What is Social Phobia?

Answer 9

A fear of one or more social situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or possible scrutiny.

Question 10

What is Specific Phobia?

Answer 10

Chronic or excessive fear that is cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object/situation.

it interferes with the persons normal routine and functioning.

Question 11

What are the 4 theories of Anxiety?

Answer 11

Learning processes
Cognitive processes
Environmental factors
Genetic factors

Question 12

What are the 3 learning processes?

Answer 12

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Modelling

Question 13

How can Classical Conditioning explain how phobias develop?

Answer 13

By pairing a scary stimuli with a neutral stimuli people become conditioned to fear the previously neutral stimuli

Question 14

How can Operant Conditioning explain how phobias develop?

Answer 14

We remove an unpleasant stimulus (negative reinforcement) and so behaviour is rewarded and increases.

Question 15

How can Modelling explain how phobias develop?

Answer 15

We observe someone else be afraid of something and in turn become afraid of it ourselves.

Question 16

Cognitive Processes theory of anxiety

Answer 16

We interpret information or physiological arousal as threatening

Question 17

Environmental factors of anxiety disorders

Answer 17

stressful life events are associated with the development of anxiety disorders eg PTSD

Question 18

Genetic factor theory of anxiety

Answer 18

Different gene types can influence the brain eg increase brain reactivity to perceived threats (OCD, GAD)

Question 19

What is PTSD? 4 points

Answer 19

Exposure to a traumatic event which resulted in a response of intense fear, helplessness or horror.

Persistent re-experience

Avoidance of stimuli that associated with traumatic event

Persistent symptoms of heightened arousal

Question 20

When do symptoms of PTSD begin?

Answer 20

Usually 3 months after but have been reported to begin delays of months and years.

Question 21

Lifetime prevalence of PTSD

Answer 21

1-14% of general community.

Question 22

What is OCD? (2 points)

Answer 22

An anxiety disorder in which the mind is flooded with persistent and uncontrollable thoughts.

The individual is compelled to repeat certain acts again and again, causing significant stress.

Question 23

What are obsessions?

Answer 23

Persistent or intrusive ideas, impulses or images that are unwanted and inappropriate and that cause distress.

Question 24

What are compulsions?

Answer 24

Repetitive behaviours or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession.

Question 25

Prevalence of OCD

Answer 25

2-3% of the population, more common in women

Question 26

What are the 2 types of depressive disorders?

Answer 26

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) | Dysthymic Disorder

Question 27

Definition of mood

Answer 27

A general feeling, typically not directed at anything

Question 28

Definition of emotion

Answer 28

A state if arousal that is typically directed at a person/object

Question 29

Depressive disorders are characterised by disturbances to what 2 things?

Answer 29

Mood and emotion.

Question 30

What is mania?

Answer 30

An intense but unwarranted mood state of happiness

Question 31

4 Symptoms of depressive disorders

Answer 31

Sad, depressed mood (almost all day, every day) Loss of interest Difficulties in sleeping (insomnia or hypersomnia) Shift in activity levels

Question 32

MDD requires symptoms of depression for how long?

Answer 32

at least 2 weeks

Question 33

Prevalence of MDD

Answer 33

Twice as common in women | Most frequent in young adults

Question 34

What percentage of people will experience a recurrence of a MDD episode?

Answer 34

80% within a year

Question 35

What is Dysthymic Disorder?

Answer 35

A less severe, but more chronic type of depression

Question 36

Dysthymic Disorder required the presence of what and for how long?

Answer 36

A depressed mood for a period of at least 2 years

Question 37

Prevalence of Dysthymic Disorder

Answer 37

6-8% women 5% men At any given time 3% of the population have it

Question 38

Bipolar Disorder is characterised by what?

Answer 38

The presence of a manic episode and an episode of depression.

Question 39

How many people have a recurring episode of Bipolar?

Answer 39

90%

Question 40

Prevalence and genetic link of BPD

Answer 40

Equally common | Twin/adoption studies indicate a strong genetic link

Question 41

What are some symptoms of mania? (2)

Answer 41

Increase in activity level | Unusual talkativeness/Rapid speech

Question 42

What are the 2 supposed causes of depression?

Answer 42

Environmental and Biological causes

Question 43

What are the 4 model causes of depression?

Answer 43

``` Interpersonal Model Behavioural Model Cognitive Model (Beck) Seligman's Theory of Learned Helplessness ```

Question 44

The Interpersonal Model explains that depression occurs due to what?

Answer 44

Believes behaviours associated with depression lead to increased social isolation and increased depression. Depression = Excessive support seeking = Increased pressure on relationships = Frustration and increased depression

Question 45

The Behavioural Model explains that depression occurs due to what?

Answer 45

Believed depression can be explained by a lack of reinforcement in social activities which leads to withdrawal and thus reducing rewards even more Suggests depression can be reduced by re-engaging in pleasant activities

Question 46

Beck's Cognitive Triad Model explains that depression occurs due to what?

Answer 46

Negative beliefs about the world, self and the future which are triggered by life events which then leads to cognitive biases which leads to depression

Question 47

Seligman's Theory of Learned Helplessness explains that depression occurs due to what?

Answer 47

Depression occurs due to an uncontrollable aversive event which leads to feelings of helplessness, consequently leading to depression.

Question 48

Biological causes of depression (2)

Answer 48

Reduction and imbalance of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine leads to depression People who have two copies of a stress-sensitive gene are more vulnerable to developing depression

Question 49

Environmental/Life cause and risk factors of depression (1 cause, 3 risk factors)

Answer 49

Stressors in the environment are associated with the development of depression Negative home environment Death of family member Parental divorce

Question 50

People with BPD are how likely to commit suicide?

Answer 50

15 times more likely

Question 51

Suicide accounts for how many Australian deaths?

Answer 51

1.4%